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Zarys historii rachunków narodowych

Author(s): Renata Bielak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2016

The system of national accounts is an international standard applied by most countries in order to present national economy in a complete manner. The development of this system results from variety of researches and discussion undertaken by scientists. Theories concerning national income and its measure had been the subject of scientific deliberation for several centuries before the term ”national accounts” was adopted by the economists. The aim of the article is to introduce the concepts that can be considered as the foundation of the current, global system of national accounts. The first part of the study provides an overview of the output of researchers who contributed to the establishment of modern national accounts methodology. The second part describes the evolution of the national income measurement in Poland (the conversion from the material production to the European system of national and regional accounts).

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ECONOMIC EVOLUTIONS DURING THE COLD WAR – ROMANIA IN THE COMECON (1949-1965)

Author(s): Cristian Benţe / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The purpose of this work is to present objectively and documented the evolution of Romania within the Council of Mutual Economic Aid (C.M.E.A. or C.O.M.E.C.O.N.) during 1949-1965. Choosing this period of time is not random: in 1949 COMECON was established at the initiative of Moscow, and the year 1965 represented the peak of the “dissidence” politics of Romania within the Council. The Romanian economy after the Second World War followed largely the same path as the other economies in Eastern Europe that entered the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. The war and the new international situation in which Romania found itself at its end determined a dramatic rupture with the economic model followed in the interwar period. In the run-up to the end of the world conflict, the main interest of the hegemonic power in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, was to benefit from the resources of the countries in the area to compensate for the immense damage caused by the war. The exploitation of Eastern European economies intensified after Moscow became aware of the impossibility of obtaining substantial war reparations from Germany.

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V-X. YÜZYILLAR ARASINDA KUZEY KAFKAS HALKLARININ TARIMSAL VE ĠKTĠSADĠ GELĠġĠMĠ

Author(s): Ayşe Ayçiçek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2020

The Caucasus, from the geopolitical perspective is the linking bridge between Europe and Asia, as a geographical unit, is the witness of many historical events, which had subsequently changed the history. The existence of the trade routes crossing the mountainous landscape and gorges in the Caucasus had become the foundational factor of its economic structure. In this context, the main sources for making livelihood had become agriculture. cattle-breeding and fishing for the peoples of the Northern Caucasus-Adyghe People, Ossetians, Chechen-Ingushs and Nakh(Vainakh) people. This is confirmed with the discovery of the agricultural tools and human skeletons. The study of the discovered artifacts confirms the theory that they had been on a higher level of development in comparison to other peoples residing in the region. Apart from this, the Caucasus, by having the important trade routes had played important role in the development of the international trade in the region.

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Costin Murgescu, istoric al economiei româneşti

Author(s): Edith Mihaela Dobrescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2020

The paper presents the remarkable personality and scientific work of professor and researcher Costin Murgescu. „The Development of Economic Ideas among the Romanians” is Costin Murgescu’s main work, his important contribution to Romanian Economic Science, which, according to his own confessions is a „vertical approach” of the fundaments of the patrimony of the nationaleconomic-social thought, but – we would say – it is based on facts occurring horizontally. Costin Murgescu treated Economic History, understood as a frontier discipline, in an overarching manner, as partof the History of National Economy and the History of Economic Thought. In our opinion, Costin Murgescu’s perspective on the history of Romanian economy is directed towards the present, as he has an understanding of the past from the perspective of its significance for the present day.

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Geršlová, Jana: Podnikání v betonovém stavebnictví v toku času.

Author(s): Jana Burešová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 58/2020

Review of the book: Geršlová, Jana. Podnikání v betonovém stavebnictví v toku času = The development of the concrete construction industry over the course of time = Unternehmertätigkeit im Betonbauwesen im Laufe der Zeit. První vydání. [Praha]: Professional Publishing, 2019. 232 stran. ISBN 978-80-88260-42-4.

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Fundamentele economiei moderne în viziunea lui Dan Ariely și Richard Thaler

Author(s): Dumitru-Dănuţ Mercan,Maria-Isabela Cristescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2020

This paper aims to present the vision of modern economics two of the activists and supporters of the notion of behavioral economics, these two personalities being represented by Richard Thaler, Nobel Prize winner for economics, and Dan Ariely. The presentation of the ideas of the two authors is made in the context of the concomitant illustration of the ideologies of classical economics regarding the aspects analyzed by the authors during the study of behavioral economics.

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ТЕБАНСКИ КАТАСТАР КАО ПОРЕСКИ ДОКУМЕНТ ЦАРСКЕ АДМИНИСТРАЦИЈЕ И ПРИМЕР ФЕУДАЛИЗАЦИЈЕ ВИЗАНТИЈСКЕ ПОЉОПРИВРЕДЕ

Author(s): Zoran D. Simonović,Nikola V. Ćurčić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 176/2020

The aim of our work is the Theban cadastre, which is the most important source from which the development of the feudalization of Byzantine agriculture can be traced. The text of the cadastre was written in the second half of the 11th century. Based on the text of this source, the authors tried to point out and explain the changes that took place in property relations in Byzantine agriculture. In the analysis given in the paper, it can be noticed that the Theban cadastre is a source from which it can be directly seen in what way the consolidation of estates took place, i.e. the creation from large feudal agricultural estates. The Theban cadastre gives specific cases that directly follow individual agricultural producers with their names, as well as the names of dinats (powerful people) who bought their property. This is exactly the significance of the Theban cadastre, because on the basis of the records contained in it, changes in ownership can be traced. From this time distance, we can freely say that these changes directly influenced the further development of Byzantine agriculture.

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HUTELE BUCOVINEI. KARLSBERG-GURA PUTNEI (1797–1827)

Author(s): Ovidiu Bata / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2020

The second glass factory in Bukovina was founded in 1897 by Jossel Reichenberg, a Jewish merchant from Rădăuți, and Franz Pauly, the head of the Economic Directorate of the Rădăuți Domain, a territory belonging to the Religious Fund. The first glass producers were German-Bohemians, who came from the glass factory in Rozaniczka / Rosendorf-Lubaczow / Lubachev (Galicia), a factory closed shortly before. Six years later (in June 1803), 35 logger families came from the Prachin District of Bohemia and settled in Karlsberg. Through the contract, each family received land, construction wood for houses and cash advances for the purchase of cattle and tools. Everylumbermanhadtosupplytheneeds of theso-calledglass or potash“huts”annuallywith 50 cubic or 100 LowerAustrianKlafter of firewood. In 1801, the factory became the property of the Rădăuți Domain by purchase. Originallycalled “Putna Glasshut”, thecolonywasnamedKarlsberg in honor of the president of the Aulic War Council, Archduke Karl, after 1803. In the following years serious conflicts arose between the Economic Directorate and the lumbermen because of the latterʼs dissatisfaction with the severe terms of settlement and labor. Some working families decided to leave Karlsberg and returned to Bohemia or Galicia. Several families settled in Rădăuți and Baineț. In their place came an equal number of Bohemian German families who lived scattered throughout Bukovina and had no property. On July 14, 1827, after 30 years of activity, the factory in Kalsberg, poorly managed by Franz Kuppetz, closed permanently and left the workers without a means of livelihood. They were forced to work in agriculture or in other glass factories. After the Union of Bukovina with Romania, the settlement was named Gura Putnei.

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Walter A. Friedman: American Business History. A Very Short Introduction.

Author(s): Gyula Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 85/2021

Walter A. Friedman: American Business History. A Very Short Introduction.

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A hálóban ragadt történész

Author(s): Gergely Izsák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 85/2021

Niall Ferguson: A tér és a torony. Hálózatok, hierarchiák és harc a globális hatalomért. Scolar, Budapest, 2019.

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BANCHERI DE ODINIOARĂ AI CRAIOVEI. FAMILIA POPP

Author(s): Georgeta Ghionea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XIII/2012

This article proposes a short incursion in the history of the “Fratii Popp” Bank from Craiova, during the period 1924-1941. In order to establish the place of this society in the national bank and credit system became necessary to study a great number of archive documents that preserved the most numerous and significant papers, useful for our theme. The initiative of the founding belonged to N. T. Popp and the founding act of the society was signed by 34 persons from Dolj County. Following the social structure of the founding members we have noticed the presence of some well-known persons in the financial world, the great landlords, the traders and the politicians from those times. Among these, the next ones distinguished themselves: N. N. Popp, C. N. Popp, V. N. Popp, M. N. Popp, Paul Vâlnef, C. Dumitrescu-Negrea. The same names we would find among the shareholders from other banks founded in Oltenia during 1908-1920.

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THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A GREAT BANK: THE BANK OF COMMERCE FROM CRAIOVA (1897-1948)

Author(s): Georgeta Ghionea / Language(s): English Issue: XI/2010

The present article deals with the apparition of a great financialinstitution in Romanian urban space at the end of 19th Century which builds itsstrong reputation as the largest bank in Romania in 20th century. This was due toan intelligent strategy that we could identify today. First of all, the CommerceBank inaugurated an active policy of setting up subsidiary or sponsored banks.Second, the financial institution was particularly interested in streghten itsposition as essential pillar of Oltenia solidarity bank during major crises thatundermine also the Romanian financial markets. Finally, she takes a role no lessimportant in the activity of large industrial enterprises of the time.

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ТРГОВИНА И КРИЈУМЧАРЕЊЕ ДУВАНА ИЗМЕЂУ ВЕНЕЦИЈЕ И ОСМАНСКОГ БАЛКАНА

Author(s): Marija Andrić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 70/2021

This paper presents some of the aspects of tobacco trade between Venice, Drač and Skadar. Merchants from Dobrota had an important role in supplying the Venetian Republic with tobacco. In order to do that, they traded in the Ottoman port of Drač. When encountering difficulties with the Ottoman customs officers, merchants from Dobrota could reach out to the Venetian consul in Drač for assistance. Owing to this consul’s reports addressed to Venice, it is possible to reconstruct tobacco trade in Drač. On the other hand, merchants from Skadar, and some traders from the Bay of Kotor, tried to smuggle tobacco in Venice. Since smuggling activities could harm Venetian finances, some magistrates and officers in charge took necessary measures to repress illegal tobacco trade.

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Doświadczenie historyczne finansowania modernizacji ekonomicznej na Ukrainie

Author(s): Victoria Nebrat,Nazar Gorin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2020

Historical experience of financing of economic modernization in Ukraine is characterized in the article. On the basis of comparative analysis found out potential, possibilities and limitations of market and planned models of modernization. The expediency of realization of systems modernization policy is reasoned. It involves changes in social, legal, political and other economic spheres. The danger of mechanical transfer of the methods of organization of production, equipment and technologies already tested in the West, without reproducing the social and economic conditions in which they were formed and functioning, are noted. The sources of financing and determinants of modern successful modernization transformations are summarized.

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Ekonomista z Podola. Jerzy Zdziechowski – życiorys, poglądy oraz działalność publiczna

Author(s): Zbigniew Klimiuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Zdziechowski Jerzy (1880–1975) was a politician, economist and economic activist. In the years 1917–1918 he was a member of the Polish Council of the Inter-Party Union in Russia and a co-organizer of the Polish Corps in Russia. In 1919, he was one of the main participants in the failed coup d’etat attempting to overthrow the government of Jędrzej Moraczewski. In the years 1922–1927, he was a member of the Sejm from the Popular National Union. In the years 1925–1926, he was the Minister of the Treasury in the government of A. Skrzyński. He developed the economic and financial program for stabilizing the Polish zloty, which caused such side effects as, i.a.: reduced employment, lowered wages, and reduced exports of agricultural products, as well as significant increases in taxes and prices. However, the program allowed for achieving a balanced budget. The program’s implementation resulted in the withdrawal of the Polish Socialist Party from the ruling coalition and led to the fall of the government. In the years 1926–1933, he was a member of the Council of the Camp of Great Poland, which was founded and led by Roman Dmowski. Until 1939, he was an activist of economic organizations. From September 1939, Jerzy Zdziechowski resided abroad. After World War II, he was the chairman of the Executive Department of the Political Council in London on behalf of the National Party. Jerzy Zdziechowski was characterized by theoretical eradication and the ability to achieve macroeconomic goals within the framework of economic policy, which he proved by managing financial matters in the years 1925-26 as well as by his creative criticism of the politics in 1926-39.

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ПРОБЛЕМА ТОРГОВЫХ МОНОПОЛИЙ В ПРОТИВОСТОЯНИИ КОРОНЫ И ПАРЛАМЕНТА В ГОДЫ ПРАВЛЕНИЯ ЕЛИЗАВЕТЫ I ТЮДОР

Author(s): Inna Yu. Savenkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2023

The relevance of the research is determined by the problem of monopolism in modern economy. It has great theoretical and practical significance because in the realization of their economic interests monopolistic associations usually hinder the development of market relations as such and produce crisis. In this respect it is expedient to turn to the historical past and parse an example of how this problem was solved then. The aim of this article is to investigate the principal problem of England’s social and economic development in the second part of the XVI century, which was a struggle in the Parliament around trade monopolies and patent policy of the Crown. It was established that causa proxima that forced the Parliament’s decision to introduce a monopoly question for debate was numerous abuses of patents’ owners. It caused numerous complaints of those merchants who could not obtain a certain patent for some reasons. The debates about the harm of monopolies lasted from 1597 up to 1601, when the House of Commons considered the antimonopoly bill, and Queen Elizabeth I ordained the proclamation in which she renounced her right to give new monopolies in a future. It is demonstrated that as a result the parliament did not go as far as to infringe the Crown’s prerogative to give merchants patents and did not pass the relevant bill. The status of the existing monopolies remained unchanged.

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Průběh a konsolidace obchodně-politických vztahů Československé a Rakouské republiky v letech 1921–1925

Author(s): Tomáš Moric / Language(s): Czech Issue: 63/2022

After the partial liberalisation of the post wartime economy and gradual re-introduction of a normal trade regime between Austria and Czechoslovakia in the year 1921, the political relations of Prague were subordinate to the financial and property relations in the form of iunctum between trade and financial agreements, approved on the basis of the wishes of financial circles and the Ministry of Finance. The protectionist character of the trade policy of Czechoslovakia was fully manifested in the trade agreement itself, which did not correspond with the function of the former main producer in the monarchy which inherited two thirds of its industrial capacities. The Czechoslovak-Austrian relations culminated immediately in the beginning of the analysed period with the sign­ing of the Lány Treaty in December 1921 and remained extremely close throughout the year 1922, specifically in light of the problematic situation with the Austrian economy linked with the hyperinflation of the Austrian krone. Austria behaved in quite a servile manner and agreed to Czechoslovak requirements in economic questions as well as political up to the middle of the 1920s. This was due to the fact that Vienna viewed Prague and Edvard Beneš in particular as a suitable mediator for negotiations with the the world powers at the League of Nations in Geneva. They were also ob­liged to Czechoslovakia by a loan from the year 1922. After the experiences of Austrian exporters with Czechoslovak authorities in areas involving issuing export permissions and in particular after the publication of the statistics of foreign trade of Austria in the year 1923, indicating marked Austrian passivity with Czechoslovakia, tendencies to increase trade passivity Austrian customs protection began to strengthen in the Austrian industrial and agricultural circles. This culminated with customs Tariff amendement in the year 1926. Prague reacted to this pressure on revision of mutual trade conditions with postponement tactics with the intention of preserving for a long as possible the one-sided advantageous position which Austria provided by maintaining in validity the Austria-Hungarian customs rate, only increased by a coefficient, up to the year 1924 and consequently the first supplementary convention from the end of the same year, which amount­ed to a modification in only minor issues. Despite the agreement of Beneš to the launching of new negotiations on general adjustment to mutual trade relations from March 1925, this did not came about despite the reaching of a second supplementary convention in the summer of that year up to the beginning of the year 1927.

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NEUE ANGABEN ZUR GESCHICHTE DER FÜRSTLICHEN SCHATZKAMMER UND DER FINANZVERWALTUNG GÁBOR BETHLENS

Author(s): Teréz Oborni / Language(s): German Issue: 65/2022

If we want to count the revenues and expenses of the princely treasury during Gábor Bethlen’s reign, we have no easy task. According to currently known estimates, the annual income of the princely treasury can be put at a maximum of 600-720 thousand Hungarian forints. From the financial reports published in the study, the author concludes that the income of Bethlen's princely treasury in the second half of the 1620s could reach 0,8-0,96 million Hungarian forints, which is equal to 1-1.2 million Rhine forints (Rheinische Gulden). Based on new sources, the author outlines the official structure and operating procedure of the princely treasury. According to this, the concept of the princely treasury in the broadest sense includes all ordinary (regale) incomes and the taxes due to the prince, i.e. the state, the totality of the state's assets. In addition, the smaller warehouses located in different cities of the country can also be called treasury. During Bethlen's reign, the treasury sub-unit that managed princely revenues was established, which can be called „pay office” (Lat. aerarium). The head of this sub-unit of the treasury was the so called generalis perceptor Kristóf Bálintffy, who held this function between 1621–1630.

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Orașele și nașterea antreprenoriatului modern. O perspectivă asupra realităților din Transilvania secolului al XIX-lea

Author(s): Iosif Marin Balog / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 30/2022

Starting from the methodological suggestions specific to the business history, this article proposes the reconstitution of family businesses, business strategies and adaptation mechanisms to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution and its related phenomena. The historical reality reveals that also in the space of the former Habsburg Monarchy were a whole series of companies and family businesses that managed to adapt to the requirements of the industrial age and to survive for several generations. In addition to explaining the strategies of branding and evoking the “myths of the founding fathers”, economic historians have studied and integrated them into the history and socio-economic context of the time. Also, the organizational changes and adaptations were extremely important for the success or failure of these businesses, an important role being played by the professionalization of management. Who were these entrepreneurs and what kind of background did they have? how were the beginnings of businesses and what favored their promotion and success in business? What were the resources they originally relied on? What role have family relationships and social networks played in business development?Based on these questions, this article aims to reconstruct the evolution of entrepreneurial initiatives in Transylvanian cities that later evolved into the status of prestigious companies at the time. What is worth noting in this context is the fact that entrepreneurship in Transylvania has tried to highlight local resources and opportunities. Most successful entrepreneurs think broadly, focused on complementary and integrated areas of business development, and long-term decisions. The case study will refer to the “Friedrich Czell & Sons” Company from Brașov, respectively the “Sigmond Brothers” from Cluj.

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Wołoska gospodarka transhumancyjna w Dalmacji i Bośni na początku XIX wieku w perspektywie francuskiej

Author(s): Wojciech Sajkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

French rule over Dalmatia in the Napoleonic era (1806–1813) resulted in the gathering of the information about this region, as well as neighboring Bosnia. Travelogues and reports on those lands are so rich and detailed that they can serve as an informative source on the populations inhabiting those areas. This paper focuses on a very precise element of this depiction: the specific status of the Vlach communities and their economic activity in Dalmatia and Bosnia (transhumant pastoralism). The comparison of the depiction of shepherding in those two regions leads to two main conclusions which concern the differences and similarities behind those two depictions. The differences are partially related to the presumed ineffectiveness of the Vlach economy of Dalmatia. On the contrary, in the case of Bosnia, local stock raising was depicted as diversified and able to bring considerable commercial benefits. The similarities between both depictions of the Vlach population in Dalmatia and Bosnia is the transhumant and traditional form of their activity, which was perceived as primitive, i.e. dependent on the natural conditions.

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