ORTAÇAĞ’DA ŞARAP TİCARETİ, MEYHANELER VE BUNLARA GETİRİLEN KISITLAMALAR

Author(s): Ahmet N. Özdal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Special/2016

Islam, unlike other religions, prohibited alcohol consumption, its production and trade. This prohibition accelerated the production and trade of nebiz (non alcohol), must and soft-drink around Islamic geography. On the other hand, production of alcoholic drink sometimes continued secretively and sometimes not. Publicly wine production was generally associated with whether the producers are Muslims or not. Substantial numbers of wine producers in Persian region were magi. Christians (Assyrian and Armenians, etc…) in Southeastern Anatolia, Iraq and Syria, and Jews and Coptic Christians in Egypt have taken this job. It is possible that the publicly consumption was related to cultural habits. During the Medieval, wine was mostly consumed in some Persian regions, Mediterranean coasts, and great and crowded cities such as Baghdad and Cairo. The taverns were businesses that presented alcoholic drinks and other services for entertainments along with costumers’ tastes. In some periods, the governing authority released activities of tavern likebusinesses without ignoring the advantages offered (high portion of tax revenue). However, such kind of businesses were always open to intervention of public outrage or under personal savings of sovereign who was sincerely depended on his religion.

Мерки за регулиране на брачните отношения по българските земи през ХІХ век

Author(s): Daniela Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2015

This article aims to clarify the reasons that necessitate the preparation of orders, messages and statutes regulating marriage, premarital and marital agreements. The information is collected from Codes of bishoprics record books of Bulgarian parishes and correspondences from the National Revival press. The study shows that regulations and orders issued by all institutions of authority, suggesting the existence of a common vision for the development of society. The main goal of the requirements is to establish a balance in relations by freeing poorer families from the financial burden of the wedding.

Governing Catholic religious education in Italian state schools: Between the revision of the Concordat and social movements, 1974-1984

Author(s): Guillaume Silhol / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2017

This article focuses on the redefinition of Catholic religious education in Italian state schools, from compulsory religious instruction into a non-compulsory discipline of “religious culture”, by analyzing how the issue is framed and negotiated by political, religious and educational actors between 1974 and 1984. The negotiations between governmental and Church representatives in the revision of the Concordat led to attempts at a compromise on religious education, its regime and its guarantees for students’ choices. However, social movements and school reforms forced various actors and institutions to reframe it in non-confessional, pedagogical and professional terms in public arenas. “Religious culture”, as a category promoted by teachers and intellectuals, became both a social problem and the main justification for the ownership of the Catholic Church over the problem.

Chiesa cattolica e diffusione della “prassi pattizia” a livello locale in Italia. Una rinnovata stagione di relazioni

Author(s): Isabella Bolgiani / Language(s): Italian Issue: 20/2017

The development in Italy of the “bilateral practice” on a local level, particularly in the last twenty years, opens the way for a “new season” in the relations between civil and religious authorities in our country. It introduces a system of relations which is made not only on the traditional level of “summit relations” between the State and the Catholic Church, but also it is based on the possible conclusions of peripheral agreements, in reply to religious demands, found on a local level.

Църковният закон на патриарх Василий в Архивския номоканон (ЦИАИ 1160)

Author(s): Ancho Kaloyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

The Arhivski Nomocanon (Church History and Archives Institute 1160) is end of the 14th century copy of the Penitential Nomocanon of the Bulgarian church. Its initial composition originated in 913 from translated and domestic legal documents and later new texts were added, among which we identify Patriarch Vasilii’s Ecclesiastical law. In the Law the total number of rules is 117, united thematically in 9 groups, of which the first two are meaningful: the first is about the hierarchy in the autocephalous Church headed by a Patriarch, the second establishes the priority of the ecclesiastical court over the tsar’s court, sign of the uniat with Rome (1204–1232) at the time of Patriarch Vasilii’s rule.

Родство по сватовство и по кумство при циганите (по данни от теренни проучвания сред няколко цигански групи в Централна Северна България)

Author(s): Zdravko Zdravkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2012

The article explores the ritual kinship of several Roma groups in Central and Northern Bulgaria. The author presents differences and similarities between groups and social structures, with a special focus on the changes caused by marriage (the role of godfathers and godmothers, bilateral networks, etc.).

Православная церковь в Польше во время Второй мировой войны

Author(s): Jerzy Grzybowski / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

The article is devoted to the fate of the orthodox church in Poland in the period when the country was under foreign occupation. There are presented the changes that took place in the life of the church and the policy of occupation authority towards clergy and the faithful. The church organisation in war curcumstances is showed. The author also discusses the acticity of Polish government in exile in the defence of Polish orthodox church.

Ценен принос в изследването на книгата "Лествица" от св. Йоан Синайски

Author(s): Vladimir Donev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2014

Religious Jurisdictions and Pluralization of Legal Adjudication in Modern Romania

Author(s): Emanuel Tăvală / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl. 1/2021

The ecclesiastical courts of Wallachia and Moldavia had a rich activity especially in the field of family law, heritage and even criminal law. They have a long history since the 14th century and they are still active in modern Romania. They function on the basis of the autonomy principle and they were contested in their rationae personae and rationae materiae activity. We present here some cases and court decisions which actually recognize the existence and the competence of these courts, which are a sign of legal pluralism.

Sprawozdanie z sympozjum naukowego Synodalność w życiu i misji Kościoła, Kraków, 5 maja 2022 roku

Author(s): Leszek Poleszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Report from the scientific symposium Synodality in the life and the mission of the Church, Krakow, May 5th, 2022

РИМСКОТО ПОНЯТИЕ ЗА СОБСТВЕНОСТ: ОБЩ ПРЕГЛЕД

Author(s): Jean-Pierre Coria / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The Romans didn’t develop a dogmatic analysis of the right to property. They are the jurists of the Middle Ages and the modern era which, starting from the scattered texts of Roman law, formulated an absolutist conception of property. Whether, originally, the dominium ex iure Quiritium corresponds to a quasi-sovereignty, it is more a power than a right of appropriation in the modern sense of the word; and property was never considered in Rome as an unlimited power in time and in space. This right has, in fact, suffered significant infringements depending on political and economic history. First, it is a legal limitations based on the public interest and the necessities of town planning as well as on the idea of abuse by right. Another form of violation of the absolute right to property has been the multiplication of situations of de facto property, who have benefited from the judicial protection of the magistrate. On the other hand, Roman law offers the example of a sovereignty shared ownership: due to dismemberments, usually temporary, with personal easements, but especially with long-term land leases– superficies and emphyteusis - which lead to a real dissociation of ownership real estate.

OPERIS NOVI NUNTIATIO И INANES DENUNTIATIONES МЕЖДУ V И VI ВЕК СЛ.ХР

Author(s): Iole Fargnoli / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The article considers one imperial constitution of the emperor Zeno, reached to us through the Justinian Code (8.10.12). This law intervenes on the procedural terms of the judgment to react to the annoying practice, widespread in Constantinople, of spurious denunciations for new work aimed at preventing the continuation of the works of others. The provision is valuable for reconstructing what remains of the operis novi nuntiatio of the classical period at the end of the 5th century ad.

ПРАВНИ ОСОБЕНОСТИ НА ОБЩИНСКАТА СОБСТВЕНОСТ

Author(s): Pavel Sarafov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The article examines the real aspects of municipal property. It is indicated that the main reason for distinguishing municipal property as a separate type of property is the municipality as a legal entity and its peculiarities. It has been noted that the complex structure of the municipal body determines the need to designate different bodies to deal with municipal property - Municipal Council, mayor of a municipality, mayor of a district and mayor of a town hall. The issue of so-called "management" as a specific mechanism for redistributing rights and responsibilities in connection with the entrustment of municipally owned objects was examined. The specific methods for acquiring municipal property are specified, as part of its features.

КОГА ДВОРНОТО МЯСТО, В КОЕТО Е ПОСТРОЕНА СГРАДА В РЕЖИМ НА ЕТАЖНА СОБСТВЕНОСТ, ПРЕДСТАВЛЯВА ОБЩА ЧАСТ

Author(s): Teodora Trifonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

This article discusses the specifics of the ownership of the land in which a building is constructed in Condominium ownership, when the land is considered to be a common part and when it is held in a co-ownership regime, how the ownership of the land affects the manner of its use, management and disposal.

FEDERAZIONE O FEDERALISMO

Author(s): Giovanni Lobrano / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2022

In a historical and dogmatic examination (unconventional and, therefore, subjectively risky but objectively necessary) the federal form of government (we use both the expression ‘form of government’ and the category ‘federal’ in their general meanings) shows, first of all, a relevant and possibly surprising characteristic, from which a number of other features are derived. This ‘characteristic’ is to be: not a ‘special’ form of government (which the late eighteenth-century neologism [1787] „federalism“ suggests), but ‘tout court’, the republican form of government, which is an alternative to the royal form of government; that is, as it was written in the middle of the Age of Enlightenment: the „only form of government which is an alternative to the power of only one“. Indeed, Montesquieu (EdL, 1748, 9.1; expressing, moreover, a shared thought) states: „It is, therefore, very probable that mankind would have been, at length, obliged to live constantly under the government of a single person, had they not contrived a kind of constitution that has all the internal advantages of a republican, together with the external force of a monarchical, government. I mean a federal republic“. It is difficult to find a better definition of the great Republic, i.e. the Roman imperial Republic: organized in cities (each with its own assembly of citizens: comitium) and groups of cities, the provinces (each with its own assembly of cities: concilium provinciale). We must resume both, scientific reflection and political initiative on the „federal republic“ as the only possible form of republic, whose model is the Roman imperial res publica.

INTERACTION BETWEEN ROME AND THE PROVINCES DURING THE LATE REPUBLIC AND THE PRINCIPATE

Author(s): Tihomir Rachev / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The Roman empire established peace in the Mediterranean that lasted for several centuries. The Roman peace – Pax Romana, to which the imperial policy aspired during the era of the Principate, determined the reformation of the administrative structures of the Roman state. The accumulated experience from the era of the Republic was developed in the foundations of the imperial model of government and facilitated the establishment of peace and stability. The present article aims to make a brief overview of the interaction between Rome, the Italian territories and the provinces in the period of transition from the republican to the imperial model of government concerning the reforms carried out in the administrative apparatus of the state, in order to trace the basic lines of the imperial administrative policies in the beginning of the Principate.

THE PEREGRINI – ROME’S PROVINCIAL SUBJECTS

Author(s): Velina Stoyanova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Viewed as „strangers“, the peregrini constituted the majority of Rome’s population. Although they did not have roman citizenship, still the peregrini benefited from specific rights. The main points of interests in the article are to examine the legal status of these people under ius gentium and to explore how this status differed from Roman citizenship. Lastly the study will try to give a classification of the distinct types of peregrini.

PRAESES PROVINCIAE, RECTOR PROVINCIAE, PROCONSUL PROVINCIAE В ИМПЕРАТОРСКИТЕ КОНСТИТУЦИИ ОТ ТЕОДОСИЕВИЯ КОДЕКС

Author(s): Methodi Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The article analyses the use of the terms proconsul, praeses, rector to designate the provincial governor in the Codex Theodosianus; it points out the terminological continuity of the first two with their use in the previous era and establishes the classical origin of proconsul and praeses and the postclassical origin of the term rector as a designation of provincial governor. An analysis of the imperial constitutions in Theodosian Code reveals that it is the new term rector that has the highest frequency of use by the imperial office in 118 imperial constitutions, compared to proconsul in 102 imperial acts; the term praeses has the lowest frequency of use in Theodosian Code.

HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF TARSATICA AND SENIA IN THE ROMAN AGE

Author(s): Željko Bartulović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The paper analyzes the history of the organization of Tarsatica, which in an earlier period had the status of a municipality, as well as preserved data on municipal officials, while in the second stage of its development it became a military center that defended the Italy from barbarian invasions. The second part of the paper analyzes the history of the organization of ancient Senia, which was an important traffic center and port, also in the status of a municipality, as well as preserved data on municipal officials. The authors analyze and compare different organizational and legal statuses of ancient settlements: oppidum, municipiums and colonies, as well as the structure of the population in them, which speaks of the degree of Romanization in the area of the eastern coast of the northern Adriatic.

БЪЛГАРСКИ ЛИЧНИ ДОКУМЕНТИ, ИЗДАВАНИ НА ЛИЦА С ПРЕДОСТАВЕНА МЕЖДУНАРОДНА И ВРЕМЕННА ЗАКРИЛА

Author(s): Tsvetomir Panchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

Republic of Bulgaria shall provide international and temporary protection. To every foreigner that has been granted international protection shall be issued Bulgarian identity documents. International protection shall be provided by virtue of the Refugees relating to the Status Convention (made in Geneva on 28 July 1951) and the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees of 1967 and other international acts on the protection of human rights. A foreigner with granted international protection shall have the right to reside on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria for the period of validity of the Bulgarian personal documents, issued to him. He has the rights and the obligations of Bulgarian citizens with some exception. On the other hand, temporary protection shall be granted in case of mass refugees’ influx who are forced to leave their state of origin due to armed conflict, civil war, foreign aggression, violation of human rights or heavy violence in the territory of the respective state or in an individual region thereof, and who because of this cannot return there. Republic of Bulgaria issued a registration card to a foreigner, to whom temporary protection has been granted – for the period of protection. This article is an attempt to interpret the terms and the procedure for providing protection to foreigners on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, as well as their rights and obligations, including conditions of issuance and using Bulgarian personal documents. The author’s aim is to provide a legal different between International and temporary protection.