Some Aspects of the History of the 18th-Century. Greek-Catholic Stone Churches in the Area around Baia Mare (Nagybánya)

Author(s): Szilveszter Terdik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

L’établissement des institutions de l’Église grecque-catholique à Baia Mare (mag. Nagybánya) et à Baia Sprie (mag. Felsőbánya) a réellement commencé au cours du dernier quart du xviiie siècle. Sur les dix doyennés de l’évêché de Moukatcheve (mag. Munkács), situés sur le territoire de comté de Szatmár, deux ont été nommés pour cette ville minière. Cette région proche du Maramureș (mag. Máramaros) et de la Transylvanie est devenue une partie intégrante du comté de Maramureș au milieu du xxe siècle. Cette réorganisation administrative a fait croire à plusieurs spécialistes roumains – de même qu’au grand public – que le patrimoine matériel greccatholique de la région pourrait être traité ensemble avec le patrimoine culturel régional de Maramureș. La présente étude montre que des églises en pierre grecques-catholiques de la fin du xviiie siècle présentent des particularités locales que l’on rencontre aussi à Baia Sprie, Cetăţele (mag. Györkefalva) et Tăuţii de Sus (mag. Giródtótfalu). La maçonnerie des églises est très simple, dépourvue de détails architecturaux complexes, mais cette pauvreté est parfois compensée par des toitures monumentales. Une toiture mansardée a été montée à Cetăţele, tandis que l’église de Tăuţii de Sus a une énorme flèche. La première partie de l’étude propose une révision des données sur l’histoire de ces églises à la lumière des sources découvertes dans les anciennes archives de l’éparchie de Moukatcheve au cours des dernières années. La deuxième partie est consacrée à des analyses détaillées des iconostases des églises de Baia Sprie et Cetăţele. La comparaison des deux ensembles révèle qu’ils ont été réalisés par les mêmes ateliers. En ce qui concerne la critique du style, leurs peintres sont identifiés comme « Ştefan de Şişeşti » ; en ce qui concerne leurs sculpteurs, aucune donnée n’a encore été trouvée à ce jour. Une particularité des deux iconostases réside dans le fait que non seulement les portes royales battantes et certaines structures ornementales sont chantournées, mais ces chantournements caractérisent également l’arrière-plan des icônes dans l’axe central, ainsi que celui des apôtres et des prophètes. Quant à la représentation de Dieu le Père, elle est en relief. L’Auteur suggère que ces choix peuvent représenter une innovation dans la qualité esthétique qui ne pouvait être achevée que dans les intérieurs lumineux des églises en pierre. Dans le cadre de la présente étude, des tentatives ont été faites pour explorer les antécédents et les parallèles de ce phénomène sur le territoire de l’éparchie de Moukatcheve.

Зa религиозното образование в България

Author(s): Petya Nedeleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2018

The issue of religion and religious education raises serious discussions. There are conflictingopinions about their place and role in the curricula and in general in the lives of adolescents,and this public discussion has been observed since the late nineteenth century. According to oneopinion, religion has no place in school education and issues related to religion should remainwith the family. Religious education, as fundamental to building a value system and toleranceamong the younger generation, is also supported by strong arguments. However, there is no unanimity as to when religious education should begin and how long, and what its content should be.There is another important question – the lack of interest in religious education among society,and especially among young people. This indifference can be explained to a large extent by politicstowards religion and religious communities during the socialist period.

Kościół katolicki w Rosji i w ZSRR w XIX i XX wieku. Doktrynalne uwarunkowania jego działalności

Author(s): Krzysztof Grygajtis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2006

РОМАНИСТИЧНИ ОСНОВИ НА ЛИШАВАНЕТО ОТ НАСЛЕДСТВО В РИМ – ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ И РЕТРОСПЕКЦИЯ НА ИСПАНСКИЯ ГРАЖДАНСКИ КОДЕКС ОТНОСНО НАСЛЕДЯВАНЕТО

Author(s): Tewise Yurena Ortega González / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

From the point of view of family law, there is no doubt about the importance of the causes of disinheritance, which affect the relatives of the testator, as is inferred among others: CTh. 11.30.26, CTh. 4.4. 2.1, Marcianus in Inst. 6, D. 34.9.1 and Nov. 115. In this way, the article analyzes an institution whose roots are found in the compilation of Emperor Justinian and which has left its reflection in other sources we presente. The evolution and impact of the Roman legal system is traced not only to the unworthiness of inheritance, but also to the disinheritance, tracing the causes for this from the time of the Roman Empire in Fuero Real and Las Partidas until the current Spanish Civil Code, in which governs the modern system of inheritance. The significance of the jurisprudence, which led to a change in the interpretation of Article 756 of the Civil Code on the institution of the legitimate, was also discussed and the change that arose in the interpretation of Art. 853 Civil Code. Numerous Supreme Court decisions are also presented, in which not only physical and psychological abuse can be a reason for disinheritance, but also material and emotional abandonment or neglect of the minimum necessary care provided to the testator before his death.

V ovzduší nesvobody se těžko dýchá věřícím. Kardinál František Tomášek v předrevoluční diskusi o návrhu nové ústavy ČSSR (1989)

Author(s): Martin Nedvěd / Language(s): Czech Issue: 79/2020

During my research, I went back to the years of so-called rebuilding when the Czech Primate František Cardinal Tomášek took part in a discussion on the draft of the new triple constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. It is hard to believe, but the state power reacted responsively to his initiative and the President of the Republic invited him to the preparatory commission. However, the Church had no chance to verify sincerity of this gesture, as the situation developed rapidly, and events of 17th November 1989 interrupted legislative work. Forgotten religion law reflections of the then Archbishop of Prague formulated at the time of lack of freedom, as well as Catholic samizdat reactions, can still be inspiring to this day.

Opinia prawna na temat beneficjenta rzeczywistego w przypadku spółki kapitałowej, której jedynym (100%) udziałowcem czy akcjonariuszem jest zakon bądź jego jednostka organizacyjna (prowincja zakonna, opactwo, klasztor niezależny, dom zakonny)

Author(s): Dariusz Walencik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2020

The aim of this legal opinion is to address the following question: Who is the real beneficiary of a limited company in which the only (100%) shockholder or shareholder is an order or its organizational unit (a monastic province, an abbey, an independent monastery or a monastic house)? The analysis of Polish law and canon law leads to the conclusion that in the case of a limited company whose only (100%) shockholder or shareholder is an order or its organizational unit (a monastic province, an abbey, an independent monastery or a monastic house), the real beneficiary is the competent higher superior of this order as well as members of its council. These persons satisfy the conditions specified in art. 2 para. 2 of the act of 1 March 2018 on countering money laundering and financing of terrorism, because they are a group of natural persons who exercise direct control of the company due to the entitlements they have (shareholders’ meeting/general meeting), which make it possible to exert a decisive influence on the actions or activities undertaken by the company. This is so because it is a group of natural persons who exert control over a legal person (an order or its organizational unit) who is entitled to hold more than 25% of the shares of the company stock and more than 25% of the voting rights in the decision-making body of the company (art. 2 para. 2 point 1 letter a and tiret three of the act on countering money laundering and financing of terrorism).

Louis Carlen. Orte, Gegenstände, Symbole kirchlichen Rechtslebens. (Eine Einführung in die kirchliche Rechtsarchäologie). Universitätsverlag, Freiburg/Schweiz, 1999. XVI+196 p.

Author(s): Theodor Piperkov,Ivan Bilyarski / Language(s): German Issue: 3-4/2000

Book review

LIABILITY EFFUSUM ET DEIECTUM FROM ROME TO THE CONFIGURATION OF ART. 1910 OF THE CIVIL CODE: SAFETY AND HEALTH IN PUBLIC HIGHWAY

Author(s): Jose Luis Zamora Manzano / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

One of the problems that arose in urban development of the city of Rome was insulae overcrowding and congestion, which affects numerous parameters such as habitat protection of the city itself, given the need to evacuate and canalise organic waste products produced by human activity, the citizen's health and to guarantee the safe transit of pedestrians who often had to circumvent the road to avoid damage the caused by the spillage thrown from buildings, hence the study of the edict effusis vel deiectis whose footprint is inserted in art. 1910 of the civil Code.

LEX RHODIA DE IACTU

Author(s): Artur Tarlapan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This article aims to analyze the rules of Lex Rhodia de iactu, which consider the situation of throwing goods overboard by the captain of the seagoing ship to save the ship and distribution of damage among owners of goods. The paper, however, is not limited to the research of the considered norms, but also extends to the way in which these norms inspired the modern commercial codes.

LA RÉCEPTION DU DROIT ROMAIN RELATIF AUX CRIMES CONTRE LA PERSONNE DANS LE CODE DE MOLDAVIE (1646) ET LE CODE DE VALACHIE (1652)

Author(s): Teodor Sambrian / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

The Moldavian Code from 1646 and the Wallachian Code from 1652 belong to a codification movement that started in Western Europe in the XVIIth century. They comprise, in general, the works that gather the positive law texts according to the nature of their source. As to the criminal dispositions from the Moldavian code, their only source is a Neogreek abstract of the work of the Italian criminal specialist, Prosper Farinaccius (Praxis et theoricae criminalis) which will equally be integrated by the Wallachian code. The article presents the Roman sources of the two codes regarding the person, related to the works of Farinaccius.

СРАВНЕНИЕ НА РИМСКОТО ПРАВО С ДЕЙСТВАЩОТО ПРАВО И ПОЗИТИВНИТЕ МЕТОДИ ЗА УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА КОНФЛИКТИ

Author(s): Gema Vallejo Perez,María Consuelo Morán Astorga / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

Alternative procedures to the judicial way existed in the Roman Law to solve controversies; many of them emerged in the family environment and in the business world. At present, through Mediation, Negotiation and Arbitration (Alternative Dispute Resolution – ADR), more favorable agreements can be obtained for the interests of both parties. In addition, these ADR methods protect privacy and avoid distress that damage the health and destroys the future relationships between the parties. The objective of this work was to compare the alternative strategies existing in the Roman Jurisdiction with the ADR methods used at present. This meta-analytical study consisted in the bibliographic revision of roman documents to compare them with the sources of current Law. The results inform that, in both, Roman Law and Current Law, alternative strategies like ADR, offers important advantages to the judicial way. They can be highlighted: the preservation of privacy, the good reception of the resolution by the parties, a more positive management of emotions, and a preservation of good relations between the parties. Both in Roman times and in our times, these aspects have special relevance in the field of the family and also in private businesses.

СРАВНЕНИЕ МЕЖДУ ТЕОДОСИЕВИЯ И ЮСТИНИАНОВИЯ КОДЕКС

Author(s): Gisella Bassanelli Sommariva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The Theodosian Code has been object of many studies in the last thirty years, therefore repeating a comparison between Theodosian Code and Justianian Novus Codex seems of considerable interest. So topics that induce to consider CTh. 1.1.6 merely interpretative of CTh. 1.1.5 are studied in this perspective (the most cogent reason is represented by the issues arisen by the Commission in charge of selecting of the western normative material arrived in Costantinopoli almost certainly before 435). In conclusion it seems right to consider Codex published in 438 to be actually the achievement of the first part of the project elaborated in 429. At last the author formulate hypothesis about the reasons why the project of drawing up the Codex magisterium vitae had been abandoned (abandon decided in 435 when codes took the name of the emperor). In relation with Novus codex the author examines the project formulated in 528, the chancellery’s legislative activity during the code editing and the Summa’s provisions related to the legal writings. The conclusions achieved by the author are verified basing on laws regarding writings of classical legal authors dated between autumn of 529 and summer of 530. This exam suggest hypothesis about the decision of editing the Digesta.

LES RELATIONS FAMILIALES À L’AUNE DU DROIT FUNERAIRE ROUMAIN

Author(s): Silviu Dorin Şchiopu / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

Le décès d’un cher proche est peut-être le moment le plus critique de la vie de chacun. De tels moments peuvent rapprocher les familles, mais ils peuvent aussi empoisonner les relations entre parents. Bien que la concorde doive caractériser ces relations, il n’est pas rare que la réalité nous prouve qu’il revient au législateur la mission ingrate de trouver des solutions pour résoudre les conflits entre les proches du défunt sur l’organisation des obsèques. La question est d’autant plus compliquée que non seulement la législation séculière a son mot à dire, mais aussi le droit canonique en ce sens que le manque de communauté de foi est un élément qui ne peut être négligé, notamment dans le cas des cimetières confessionnels. En analysant la réglementation des funérailles nous constatons que chaque acteur – l’État, les cultes et les unités administratives-territoriales – a une vision quelque peu différente sur les relations familiales, plus précisément chacun est plus ou moins intrusif dans la sphère de la vie privée. Pratiquement tous les règlements ayant un impact sur les funérailles laissent voir un certain modèle de relations personnelles et familiales, essentiellement un conditionnement du comportement qui est récompensé par la possibilité de bénéficier de certains services funéraires. Ainsi, bien que chacun ait le droit à des funérailles décentes et à rendre hommage au lieu de sépulture du défunt, les règles qui régissent les funérailles forment un kaléidoscope qui, selon la situation concrète du défunt, peuvent conduire à des résultats différents en ce sens que le défunt se voit offrir ou refuser certaines options concernant l’établissement du lieu d’inhumation et l’organisation des services funéraires. Sans chercher à épuiser ce vaste sujet, la présente petite étude vise à mettre en évidence d'un point de vue juridique l'impact de la typologie familiale sur l’organisation des funérailles principalement à partir des options offertes au défunt par la législation roumaine.

IDEALS OF EPISCOPAL POWER, LEGAL NORMS AND MILITARY ACTIVITY OF THE POLISH EPISCOPATE BETWEEN THE TWELFTH- AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES

Author(s): Radosław Kotecki,Jacek Maciejewski / Language(s): English Issue: 4 (en)/2020

This article is an attempt to illustrate relations between the theory and practice of the military activity of Polish bishops under the rule of the Piast dynasty. The problem is discussed based on an analysis of the locally formulated ideal of episcopal power and the ideological and legal patterns reaching Poland that regulated the possibilities of using weapons by clergymen, and, in particular, defined the ways in which churchmen participated in wars and in declaring and conducting them.

Извън границите на средновековното общество

Author(s): Desislava Naydenova / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Slavonic,Old Bulgarian Issue: 63-64/2021

Recently, the question of shaping identity and the perception of “the other” (by this term are commonly embraced not only foreigners, but also individuals, social groups and minorities, characterised by a certain degree of abnormality, marginality and exclusion) has become an increasingly popular topic for the researchers of the Middle Ages. This paper seeks to present translations of some Slavonic texts included in the so-called Nomokanon of Pseudo-Zonaras, a canon-law compilation from the beginning of the fourteenth century, that change, through the imposition of penances, the social status of groups and individuals, placing them in a marginal, intermediate, isolated position. The study shows that heretics and members of other religions such as Latins, Armenians, Jews, Muslims most clearly stand out as a group that could be defined as “the others”. Unambiguous and strictly regulated red lines were drawn between them and the Orthodox Christians that should not be violated, since those, who crossed them, were othered, marginalised, seen as outsiders to society. These were conditioned by rules that can be divided thematically into three groups: 1) applying to those who accept another’s faith, 2) relating to food prohibitions, and 3) governing mixed-faith marriages.

Conferințe online despre libertatea religioasă în timpul pandemiei

Author(s): Marinel Laurențiu Marcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

On 15 and 26 April 2021, „Iustin Patriarhul [Patriarch Iustin]” Hall of the„Dumitru Stăniloae” Continuing Formation Centre in Bucharest, hosted twoonline conferences on religious freedom during the pandemic. The guests attendingthem were distinguished personalities of ecclesiastical, cultural and academic life inRomania. The two events belonged to a series of three such meetings, with the thirdone scheduled for 13 May 2021.The first conference (15 April) debated „Religious freedom and health policiesin the European Union during the pandemic”, and was moderated by Archdeaconprof. dr. George Grigoriță, patriarchal counsellor of the Holy Synod Chancellery.The participants were dr. Bogdan Tătaru-Cazaban, researcher at the Institute forthe History of Religions - the Romanian Academy, and Pr. Assoc. prof. dr. SorinȘelaru, patriarchal counsellor – the Representation of the Romanian Patriarchate tothe European institutions.The second online conference, taking place on 26 April, was entitled „Religiousfreedom and sanitary measures in Romania during the pandemic”, and was alsomoderated by Archdeacon prof. dr. George Grigoriță, patriarchal counsellor. Thistime, the invited guests were prof. dr. Dan Dungaciu, director of the Institute forPolitical Sciences and International Relations of the Romanian Academy, and Pr.Ionuț-Gabriel Corduneanu, administrative vicar to the Patriarchate.During both meetings, lectures were followed by a questions and answers andby debates around the topics investigated and discussed.The final conference in the series of the three events dedicated to religiousfreedom and the regime of religious denominations during the current period, willtake place on 13 May 2021 and will be entitled „Administering the holy mysteriesor hierurgies in times of pandemic”. The lecturers for the respective event will be HisGrace Varlaam Ploieșteanul, Vicar Bishop to the Patriarch, and Pr. prof. dr. ViorelSava, of „Dumitru Stăniloae” Faculty of Orthodox Theology - Iași.

BONA FIDES IN ROMAN CIVIL PROCEDURE

Author(s): Milka Rakočević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Although not always distinguished as an explicit procedural phenomenon, abusus iuris doctrine has a long history and is familiar to all periods of historical development of civil procedure. As one of the basic principles of contemporary civil procedure, if analysed historically, it can be noted that the prohibition of abuse of procedural rights is neither modern nor contemporary in the legal meaning of those terms, nor in the historical retrospective loses the importance that characterize it in the modern civil procedure. Within the paper, the focus is set on the administration of justice in ancient Rome with particular interest on the institute of abuse of procedural rights. The paper discusses the beginnings and development of organized methods of legal protection in Roman civil procedure with the aim to determine its basic characteristic through different stages of its development and to analyse the frivolous behaviour of the parties before the tribunal and procedural mechanisms for supressing vexatious litigation. The historical retrospective is covering different periods of development of the Roman litigation. The main drive for analysis of the historical dimension of civil procedure in ancient Rome is to analyse the genesis and evolution of the principle of bona fides in Roman civil procedure.

ПРОИЗХОДЪТ И ВЛИЯНИЕТО НА ШВЕЙЦАРСКИЯ ГРАЖДАНСКИ КОДЕКС

Author(s): Jean-Philippe Dunand / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The Swiss Federal Assembly adopted the Swiss Civil Code on 19 December 1907 by roll-call vote and by unanimity of the members present. The code came into force on January 1, 1912. It was welcomed throughout the country as the "written will" of the Swiss. According to Prof. Walter Yung, the code strengthens the "Swiss feeling of being one people" and becomes one of the "spiritual treasures" of the country. Considered an example of clarity, simplicity and moderation, the Swiss Civil Code was soon reflected abroad and inspired the civil codification of many countries. Based on German legal sources, it "retains its characteristic appearance and combines a deep knowledge with purity of form, which provide the basis for an extraordinary flexibility, able to change according to all future changes, without losing its basic structure." The article consistently examines the origins and main sources on which the Swiss Civil Code is based, as well as its impact.

Eucharystia Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego w Niemczech w dobie pandemii COVID-19

Author(s): Andrzej Glombica / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2021

This article draws on the experiences of the Federal Republic of Germany and provides a theological reflection on the consequences of political decisions made in response to the spread of COVID-19. The research primarily concerns the relationship between the importance of the communal celebration of the Eucharist and the limitation on contact imposed on the grounds of protecting human life and health. Due to the novelty of the subject, the sources are generally accessible internet materials. The starting point is a calendar of specific decisions by the state authorities and the reactions of the German Bishops’ Conference to these secular regulations, followed by the comment made by German Roman Catholic theologians on the situation. Of these, more attention has been paid to the controversial responses – made by the Bishop of Magdeburg Gerard Feige, Archbishop of Cologne Cardinal and Doctor of Theology Rainer Woelki, and dogmatist Julia Knop – rather than those that are theologically insightful or correct. All this has been juxtaposed with the Church’s official teaching on the communal celebration of the Eucharist and its basic assumption, i.e., the predominance of the divine element over the human element. This article shows that state measures, ecclesial behaviour, and theological discussions can all be interpreted as a practical negation of the saving nature of the Eucharist. This presentation concludes with the question of what is more important: celebrating the Eucharist, receiving Holy Communion, experiencing community, or further weeks of strictly limited social contact, including in religious gatherings. This question is also an invitation to undertake further, in-depth reflection not only on the economic, social, and emotional effects of the pandemic but also – and perhaps primarily – on the spiritual ones.

ЗА ОХРАНАТА НА МОРСКИТЕ БРЕГОВЕ СПОРЕД ПРАВНАТА УРЕДБА В ТЕОДОСИЕВИЯ КОДЕКС (CTH.7.16 DE LITORUM ET ITINERUM CUSTODIA)

Author(s): Methodi Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The paper analyzes the content of the three imperial laws in the CTh.7.16 on the protection of sea shores and roads. A discussion is offered on the problem about the inclusionof only imperial constitutions issued by the emperors Honorius and Theodosius in a relatively short period: 408-420 AD in book VII, title 16 of Theodosian Code.