Антивоенните настроения в България в навечерието на Първата световна война

Author(s): Tamara Stoilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2015

The First World War has its pre-history, in which the local conflicts point out the main interests and goals, for which a peaceful solution hadn’t been found until that moment. The Balkan wars (1912–1913) are not only a typical example for that, but also a sign for the upcoming Europe-wide bloodshed. The following article covers the period between the end of the Balkan wars and the beginning of World War I and has as a goal to present some of the problems that reflect the public sentiments in Bulgaria. The article presents the oppositional public positions, seen through the eyes of the editors of the daily newspaper of the People’s Party – “Mir”, the daily newspaper of the Democratic party – “Pryaporets” and the weekly magazine “Svobodno mnenie”. The information, which the three publications offer, presents the events commented from the point of view of the political and most of all the nationalistic ideals of its editors. The analysis of the facts is usually too emotional and this is understandable considering the moment of national grief.Two are the main problems, which most of all capture the attention of the authors and the editors. Firstly, the desire to research and analyze the well-meaning attitude of the foreigners towards Bulgaria, which was especially important considering the anti-Bulgarian attitude in regard to the Second Balkan War and secondly, the need for a peaceful solution of the problems this war has caused. The newspapers describe the sentiments in the Bulgarian political and social circles and the fluctuations between outright neutrality and military intervention, without giving a definite answer on which side to be.

Pravni okvir djelovanja Katoličke Crkve i neki podaci o katolicima krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća u Crnoj Gori, Srbiji, Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Tomo Vukšić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2015

The condition of the Catholic Church in the early 20th century on the territory of today's Montenegro, Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina was extremely complex and very different from the situation today. This article analyzes church circumstances at that time examining demographic facts regarding Catholics, church organization, and legal regulation of relations between Church and state at the time. Catholics lived as a small community in Montenegro and Serbia. Their situation in Montenegro was governed by a contract between the state and the Holy See (1878) and they had an archdiocese with headquarter in the city of Bar. On the other side, the legal status of the Catholic Church in Serbia, where there was no diocese, was not resolved until 1914, when a concordat with the Holy See was signed. However, this concordat was not implemented due to the outbreak of the First World War. In the region of today's Croatia, Catholics were a majority almost everywhere. The legal status of the Church, which was organized in three major metropolitan districts (Zagreb, Zadar, Gorica), was arranged firstly through a concordat between the Holy See and Austria-Hungary in 1855, and later under special laws enacted in 1874. In order to regulate the position of the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where Catholics represented about 18 percent of the population, the Austro- Hungarians in 1881, before the establishment of new dioceses and the appointment of new bishops, signed a special agreement with the Holy See. All of these agreements with the Holy See, except the one of 1855, which ceased to be valid after 1870, signed by individual countries and implemented at the beginning of the 20th century are presented here in the original language and in translation.

O re vizionističkoj metodi

Author(s): Pierre Vidal-Naquet / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 21/2016

Od svih historiografija najgora je svakako ona državna: države će rijetko kad priznati da su bile zločinačke. Možda je najbolniji slučaj u tom smislu turska historiografija o armenskom genocidu 1915. Sasvim je normalno da Turci inzistiraju na ratnoj situaciji, na tome da su mnogi Armenci izražavali želju za ruskom ofenzivom, na lokalnim sukobima između Armenaca i njihovih susjeda u kojima se prvi nisu uvijek ponašali kao janje iz bajke.

Die orientalisierende Architektur als ein stilistischer Ausdruck des offiziellen Bauprogramms der k. u. k. bosnisch-herzegowinischen Landesregierung 1878-1918

Author(s): Alexander Zäh / Language(s): German Issue: 72/2013

The orientalizing architecture of Bosnia-Herzegovina was part of the official building policy for this province under the Habsburg administration from 1878-1918. It was executed by a team of architects, members of the building department of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian “Landesregierung” (provincial administration) at Sarajevo. This introductory paper surveys and gives an overview of its most important monuments. It displays the building types and their functions and shows the distribution of this distinctive building style in the country, which became the last significant territorial acquisition of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following the official annexation of the province in 1908. The architectural style was clearly chosen by the administration for political reasons to underline the Islamic traditions and heritage of the country, to strengthen the local identity of its citizens and to support them with and artificial, new, often very pseudo-Islamic “genius loci”. It was also chosen as an answer in the field of the material culture against the pan-slavic movements of the time, which were especially active in this province. Other aspects were economically motivated, e.g. to create a pseudo-oriental impression as an attraction for visitors of the country to support the young, prospering tourism industry within the Habsburg Empire, promoting the identity of Bosnia-Herzegovina as a “near”, but still “oriental” and “new”, exotic travel destination within Austria-Hungary’s borders. Internationally the detected orientalistic building style is part of the architectural historicism and the many related “revival” styles that other European powers used in their colonial dominions in related contexts (e.g. the “Indo-saracenic” style of British-India). The downfall of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy ended this progressive architectural experiment, which would have corresponded very well with a reformed multicultural Empire in the sense of a proposed (and visionary) “United States of Greater Austria“. Most of the discussed monuments were recently declared national monuments of the young independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Sozialdemokratie und Wahlen (Uber die Versuche zur Einigung der bulgarischen revolutionaren und reformistischen Sozialisten am Anfang des 20.Jh.)

Author(s): Dobrinka Parusheva / Language(s): German Issue: 3-4/1998

Sur la responsibilité politique et judicaire des ministres en Bulgarie depuis Fan 1879 jusque 1944 (aspects fondamentaux)

Author(s): Yordanka Gesheva / Language(s): French Issue: 1/1997

La police bulgare 1878-1912

Author(s): Georgi Peev / Language(s): French Issue: 2-3/1997

The Smithsonian Institution in Washington and Bulgarian-American Cultural Ties up to the Beginning of World War II

Author(s): Alexander Velichkov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/1995

Стоян Германов. Руската общественост и революционното движение в Македония и Одринско. 1893-1908. (The Russian Public and the Revolutionary Movement in Macedonia and the Adrianople Region. 1893-1908). София, 1992. 250 с.

Author(s): Nina Djulgerova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1994

August Ritter von Kral. Aktorikryesor i Austro-Hungarisë në trojet shqiptare

Author(s): Kurt Gostentschnigg / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2016

The diplomat August Ritter von Krai has been the main actor of Austria - Hungary in the Albanian territories. This article on his contribution begins with notes on the reconstruction of the political field.Then it deals with the main activities of Krai in Albania concerning the topics as follows: The Congress of Alphabet in Manastir in November 1908, the action for Albania in 1908 -1909 against Montenegro, the rebellion of 1914 in Middle Albania, the action for Albania in 1914 against Serbia and Montenegro, the Albanian Literary Commission of Shkodër in 1916 -1918, sending of ancient monuments to Sarajevo or the building of an Albanian national museum and the command of the corps against Krai in 1918, the argue on the separation of the civil commissary’s agenda from that of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ representative.In the end, you find the analysis on Krai’s activity in Albania according to Pierre Bourdieu’s praxeology referring to crucial terms: economic capital, cultural capital, social and symbolic one, as well as an analysis of the circle of friends and connections of Kral.

I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Marne Cephesi ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Savaşa Girişi

Author(s): Refik Arıkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

World War I became one of the most important breaking points that changed the course of history. After the war, while borders of the defeated countries were undergoing a great change, Ottoman Empire, with great loss of lands, disappeared from the history scene. This war, as its consequences triggered World War II, caused to other political and socio-economic problems that continue today, especially in Balkans and Mid-East. With regard to Ottoman Empire, this study aims to analysis the motives of Ottomans’ participation to this war and the effects of Marne Campaign that affected the course of the war absolutely. Even though Germans, after the defeat in Marne Campaign, lost their hopes, depending upon the changing of their expectations from the war, the fact that Ottomans were involved in a war whose result was deceive, also, constitutes the starting point of this study.

Polscy ochotnicy w wojnach bałkańskich – na przykładzie Józefa Lipkowskiego

Author(s): Jaroslav Rubaha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

During the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) Polish volunteers have supported the Bulgarian nation in its fight against Turkish yoke. Side by side they fought on the war fields and offered their experience as military commanders. An excellent example of that was Joseph Lipkowski, personal messenger and observer of the French Prime Minister Raymond Poincare, at the headquarters of the Bulgarian Army. In his book The war in the Balkans by the eye-witness and participant of the war, he has analyzed the activities of the Bulgarian military headquarters during the First Balkan War. The aim of this article is primarily designed to demonstrate that the participation of Poles in the history, culture and everyday life of Bulgaria was quite significant.

KÁLLAY'S DILEMMA: ON THE CHALLENGE OF CREATING A MANAGEABLE IDENTITY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (1882-1903)

Author(s): Andrea Feldman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This paper will explore the ideas and problems of forging a common Bosnian identity during more than twenty years of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To that effect the influence of Austrian “civilizing missionaries,” notably Benjamin Kállay, the Joint Minister of Finance (in effect the governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina), on the three principal Bosnian communities, political elites, and intelligentsia is overriding. This paper will examine how the idea of Bosniak identity interacted with the realities that were already put into place at the time of the Austro-Hungarian occupation in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. Insights offered by a close reading of Kállay’s books and writings go a long way in explaining his intellectual formation in Hungary, the broadening of horizons that attended his first diplomatic mission in Belgrade, and the ways in which his appetite for history and culture affected his liberal worldview and statecraft. The paper discusses the circumstances that inspired Kállay to perceive Bosnia and Herzegovina as a country that, for a culturally oriented person like himself, offered a paradigm of how to “build the new upon the old…to retain the ancient traditions of the land vilified and purified by modern ideas.” The author utilizes the existing literature on the topic, most prominently Tomislav Kraljačić’s and Robin Okay’s books on Kállay, and other authors’ insights into Bosnian Muslims experience under Austrian occupation, variety of literature and sources in relevant languages of the area, as well as Kallay’s own writings.

Sultanov, carev i kraljev službenik

Author(s): Amila Kasumović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2018

This paper deals with a bureaucratic career history of a professional clerk (Muhamed ef. Kadić) who served in three administrative and political entities which subsequently ruled the region – the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Приказ: Министарство војно, Зборник докумената (1879–1916)

Author(s): Ivan Laković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2010

Prikaz/The review of: Славко Бурзановић, Министарство војно, Зборник докумената (1879–1916), ЦИД Подгорица, 2010, 572

Prilog proučavanju obavještajnog djelovanja na području Bihora nakon Berlinskog kongresa

Author(s): Sait Š. Šabotić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 89-90/2022

Oružanim sukobima najčešće prethodi obavještajni rad kojim rukovode tajne službe. To su organizacije čije je djelovanje oduvijek bilo obavijeno velom misterije i za koje su vezane brojne priče i mitovi. Gdje god je postojalo rivalstvo, javljala se potreba za djelovanjem tajnih agenata, odnosno dostavljača informacija. Danas je, bez naročitog istraživanja, teško i pretpostaviti koliko je tajnih agenata, po zadatku raznih obavještajnih službi, prošlo Bihorom u drugoj polovini XIX i početkom XX vijeka u namjeri da što više saznaju o tom parčetu zemlje ispod neba, njegovim stanovnicima i prirodnim tajnama. U ovom radu se, kroz nekoliko izvještaja i konkretnih primjera, ukazuje na načine djelovanja pojedinaca koji su bili direktni eksponenti određene obavještajne službe koja je nastojala da dođe do što većeg broja podataka o prilikama na području Bihora, kao i o njegovim stanovnicima.

Питање ратних злочина у балканским ратовима и њихова савремена интерпретација

Author(s): Biljana Stojić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2022

In the paper, we have discussed the question of war crimes and violations of international peace conventions during the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. This issue was raised at the beginning of the First Balkan War by opposing sides–the Balkan League and Turkey–which submitted numerous petitions and complaints, aiming to draw the great powers' attention and support. Indubitably, they got attention–every significant European country and newspaper sent missions and correspondents to the Balkan battlefields to follow war operations and everyday life and to check all those rumors regarding war crimes. Accordingly, a significant place in the paper is given to the mission of the special Commission that the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace sent to the Balkans in the late summer of 1913. The outcome of the Commission's investigation was the Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, published in June 1914. Serbia and Greece were highly displeased with the Commission's approach and report. At the same time, Bulgaria was pleased since it was privileged to gain sympathy from some Russian and British delegates and therefore had an opportunity to promote its version of the Balkan Wars.Furthermore, we have followed this report's impact during the Great War and in the post-war period. The last part of the paper is dedicated to the contemporary interpretation of the Carnegie Report and the Balkan Wars in politics and historiography. The Carnegie Report lacked public attention at the moment of its appearance due to the outbreak of the Great War, but in the last decade of the 20th century, it got all the desired publicity. Morton Abramowitz, the president of the Carnegie Foundation 1991–1997, decided to re-publish this report in 1993, mainly motivated by the war for the dissolution of Yugoslavia. However, with the new print, he gave the report and the Balkan Wars a new meaning, deliberately making links between the wars in 1912–1913 and those in 1991–1995. Abramowitz and the Foundation used the report to promote a new political doctrine of humanitarian interventions all around the world. Carnegie's re-published report had an equally huge impact on contemporary historiography and understanding of the Balkan Wars. All other aspects of the wars are neglected at the expense of not even verified war crimes. We pointed to some leading scholarly works in French historiography highlighting the attitude of French politics regarding the Balkan peninsula in the 20th century.

Балкански ратови и Југословенска револуционарна омладина

Author(s): Borivoje Milošević,Sandra Lukić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2022

The Annexation Crisis (1908−1909) and Balkan Wars (1912−1913) significantly impacted the redefinition of the political map of Europe, the relationship between the great powers, and the development of the youth revolutionary movement in the South Slav parts of the Austro-Hungary. The victory of the Serbian army and liberation of Old Serbia resonated strongly among pro-Yugoslav-oriented politicians, intellectuals, and especially progressive revolutionary youth. Some of them left Bosnia and Herzegovina and fought as volunteers in the Serbian and Montenegrin army units. The youth felt that the time was approaching to end foreign rule, liberate the Yugoslav peoples and unite them into one free state. Certain provisions of the Constitution were suspended by the extraordinary measures of May 1913, resulting in limited civil liberties and the closure of Serbian associations.

Letters in Verse from the Great War

Author(s): Mirela Florian / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2022

This article sets out to study the records and testimonies created during the First World War in order to understand this important historical moment in the existence of Romanian rural communities. Many of the testimonies of Romanian soldiers capture the shift from oral culture and oral language to writing and written culture. Writing, which the soldiers had yet to fully internalize, was one of the few possibilities available to them on the war front to maintain alive the connection with their families and to leave a trace about the exceptional times they were living. These written accounts, which do not always observe the rules of correct writing, make apparent and available to us today a deep layer of oral culture that had until then been orally transmitted from generation to generation.Romanian soldiers from Transylvania were best known for writing home messages in verse, which they composed on the spot, using memorized set structures and phrases from the shared folklore repertoire circulating at the time in the village world. Privates coming from the Kingdom of Romania also made verses in their letters or journal entries, but it was less common. They would sometimes insert in their notes orally transmitted moral stories or parables, as well as other forms and pieces of the peasant oral culture to which they belonged. Some of these testimonies can present real challenges in terms of understanding the writing but also the semantics of some of the words. While familiarized with letters, writing, and reading, their authors had only a rudimentary knowledge of spelling and punctuation rules. To be able to discern the meanings of these writings today, one needs to first understand the complex circumstances that produced them.

“ISCREVU ESTA CARTA SO PARA BOSEMESE SABER”: A DEIXIS SOCIAL EM CARTAS ROMENAS E PORTUGUESAS DA GRANDE GUERRA

Author(s): Veronica Manole / Language(s): Portuguese Issue: 4/2022

“I am writing this letter only for you to know”: Social Deixis in Romanian and Portuguese Letters from the Great War. This paper analyses the use of address forms in letters from World War I written by Romanian and Portuguese soldiers, with the objective of comparing the discursive configuration of the interlocutive distance (Carreira 1997) in the two languages. The analysis, based on online and printed corpus reveals systematic similarities between the two languages concerning nominal address forms: the frequent use of intensity markers (possessives, qualificative adjectives, vocatives, diminutives) to express affection towards the recipients. There are differences concerning the use of pronominal address forms. Parent-son relationships are asymmetrically constructed in both cultures, which is reflected by the use of intermediary pronouns você and dumneata, but in husband-wife correspondence only the pronoun tu is used in Portuguese, while in Romanian letters both tu and dumneata appear. In the correspondence between friends and colleagues there are some differences: the pronoun tu is used exclusively in Portuguese, while in Romanian there is an alternation between tu and dumneata. Overall, this study shows that interlocutive distance was higher in Romanian than in Portuguese at the beginning of the 20th century.