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Ovih dana i ja, kao i mnogi drugi, razmišljam o Ukrajini. Posebno o tome kako njima, građanima (sic!) Ukrajine, polazi za rukom nešto na čemu im mnogi građani Rusije zavide. Njima već danima uspeva da masovno i uporno brane svoje građansko dostojanstvo, potvrđuju svoju građanski odgovornost i svoju društvenu zrelost.
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The preface to the book Ontology of stative situation – linguistic modeling. A contrastive Bulgarian-Russian study presents the main goals of a Bulgarian-Russian scientific project aiming at fundamental theoretical descriptions and its results: a theoretical account of the properties of stative predicates and predicative words on the basis of which an ontological representation of stative situations is proposed; a profound analysis of the semantic and syntactic structure of different types of stative predicates and predicative words in Bulgarian and Russian; contrastive studies manifesting similarities and differences in the semantic and syntactic representation of states in Bulgarian and Russian.
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I discuss the foundations of predicate ontologies as grounded in two model notions – elementary states of affairs and events or eventualities, i.e. ordered pairs of initial and end states of affairs. Vendlerian classifications are oriented towards elementary states and tense logic, while Davidsonian classifications deal with eventualities and event logic. Most existing approaches implement two taxonomic criteria: 1) a distinction between spatiotemporal and non-spatiotemporal (atemporal) predicates; 2) a distinction between dynamic and static predicates. There are two kinds of atemporal meanings – predication of facts and predication of properties. Facts are propositional arguments of second-order predicates which add a special meaning that the embedded proposition has been verified. Properties are atemporal first-order predicates that lack an eventive interpretation and are not associated with factive frames. Davidsonian states are homogeneous durable spatiotemporal entities distinct both from atemporal properties and spatiotemporal dynamic predicates. The homogeneity criterion differentiates Davidsonian states from telic dynamic predicates denoting a transition from phase p to phase ~ p. The durability criterion distinguishes Davidsonian states from accomplishments (i.e. resultatives) that are anchored to a single time point. Davidsonian states are conceptualized in natural language metaphysics as causally independent entities,while resultatives are causally determined as they reconstruct a preceding event that has caused the end state p. The demarcation line between Davidsonian states and homogeneous atelic processes depends on the chosen criteria for identification of active and inactive (inert)processes. It is usually assumed that Davidsonian states do not combine with active subjects.The subcategorization of Davidsonian states must be based on their quantification properties.I discuss the contrast between external and internal Davidsonian states. The former lack a priority argument and may be quantified extensionally based on their locus parameters, e.g.time and space. The latter have a priority experiential argument and can only be quantified intensionally. External states can be observed, while internal states cannot be observed and visualized. The stage-level-predicate (SLP) vs. individual-level predicate (ILP) distinction introduced by Carlson is equivalent to the one between Davidsonian states and properties in holistic predicate ontologies, but Carlson’s approach patterns with partial ontologies, i.e.the manifestation of categorial predicate types in diagnostic syntactic contexts. A similar approach has been developed by Shcherba, who claimed that <Davidsonian> states opposed to properties tend to form a word class consisting of non-agreeing non-verbal expressions in Modern RussianI discuss the foundations of predicate ontologies as grounded in two model notions – elementary states of affairs and events or eventualities, i.e. ordered pairs of initial and end states of affairs. Vendlerian classifications are oriented towards elementary states and tense logic, while Davidsonian classifications deal with eventualities and event logic. Most existing approaches implement two taxonomic criteria: 1) a distinction between spatiotemporal and non-spatiotemporal (atemporal) predicates; 2) a distinction between dynamic and static Предикаты состояния... 52 predicates. There are two kinds of atemporal meanings – predication of facts and predication of properties. Facts are propositional arguments of second-order predicates which add a special meaning that the embedded proposition has been verified. Properties are atemporal first-order predicates that lack an eventive interpretation and are not associated with factive frames. Davidsonian states are homogeneous durable spatiotemporal entities distinct both from atemporal properties and spatiotemporal dynamic predicates. The homogeneity criterion differentiates Davidsonian states from telic dynamic predicates denoting a transition from phase p to phase ~ p. The durability criterion distinguishes Davidsonian states from accomplishments (i.e. resultatives) that are anchored to a single time point. Davidsonian states are conceptualized in natural language metaphysics as causally independent entities, while resultatives are causally determined as they reconstruct a preceding event that has caused the end state p. The demarcation line between Davidsonian states and homogeneous atelic processes depends on the chosen criteria for identification of active and inactive (inert) processes. It is usually assumed that Davidsonian states do not combine with active subjects. The subcategorization of Davidsonian states must be based on their quantification properties. I discuss the contrast between external and internal Davidsonian states. The former lack a priority argument and may be quantified extensionally based on their locus parameters, e.g. time and space. The latter have a priority experiential argument and can only be quantified intensionally. External states can be observed, while internal states cannot be observed and visualized. The stage-level-predicate (SLP) vs. individual-level predicate (ILP) distinction introduced by Carlson is equivalent to the one between Davidsonian states and properties in holistic predicate ontologies, but Carlson’s approach patterns with partial ontologies, i.e. the manifestation of categorial predicate types in diagnostic syntactic contexts. A similar approach has been developed by Shcherba, who claimed that
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The paper deals with the diatheses, diathetic alternations and constructions characteristic of verbs of emotion in Russian. The focus of the study is on the limits of diathetic alternations and the groups of uses that fall beyond their scope, i.e. ones that cannot be transfromed into an alternative diathesis. In particular, I discuss the diversity of constructions with transitive verbs of emotion and an instrumental object, as well as the use of reflexive verbs of emotion to introduce direct speech. I also analyze the distribution of the uses of several basic verbs of emotion in texts in terms of the diathetic types and point out a number of verb-specific constructions.The paper deals with the diatheses, diathetic alternations and constructions characteristic of verbs of emotion in Russian. The focus of the study is on the limits of diathetic alternations and the groups of uses that fall beyond their scope, i.e. ones that cannot be transfromed into an alternative diathesis. In particular, I discuss the diversity of constructions with transitive verbs of emotion and an instrumental object, as well as the use of reflexive verbs of emotion to introduce direct speech. I also analyze the distribution of the uses of several basic verbs of emotion in texts in terms of the diathetic types and point out a number of verb-specific constructions.
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The article aims at the description and analysis of the argument structure of Russian mental predicates. The study focuses primarily on the syntactic properties of arguments and the interaction between their syntactic, semantic, and discourse properties. It turns out that the opposition of factive knowledge predicates vs. non-factive opinion predicates map onto their discourse characteristics (arguments of opinion verbs are normally less topical than arguments of knowledge verbs) and their syntactic features (arguments of knowledge verbs become antecedents of pronouns and conjuncts of coordinate constructions more easily). These observations lead us to conclude that factive predicates are closer to the bivalent verb prototype than non-factive ones.
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In this chapter we study the place of dative-predicative structures (DPS) in Russian and Bulgarian and their interaction with the syntax-semantics interface. We pay attention to the main distinctive features of predicatives from a formal and a semantic perspective, as well as to the properties and specifics of the interface between the form and content of this type of structures in terms of their capacity for expressing core morphological, syntactic and semantic relations.
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In this study we examine predicative constructions expressing State Semantics in Bulgarian and Russian. The observations, analyses and generalizations are made on the basis of a collection of predicative constructions describing states in Bulgarian a
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The study examines idioms comprising predicatives and idiomatized predicative constructions as a subtype of the predicative constructions in Bulgarian. Their description is part of a typology of predicative constructions devised as part of an effort to model an ontology of state predicates. The analysis is based on the hypothesis that predicative constructions are lexical units, part of predicative structures, whose features place them on the border between morphology and syntax. These units share specific functions and semantics, and some of them are subject to lexicographic description. Data on predicative structure groups were extracted from various linguistic resources using the classification of predicative constructions in Bulgarian described in Todorova et al. (2021). The subtypes of predicative constructions with phraseological semantics – phraseologized predicative constructions and phraseological predicative constructions – are examined and discussed in light of the Bulgarian-Russian parallel examples.
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This paper examines Bulgarian colloquial constructions of the type illustrated in the example И твоята панама нещо ми синее! Дали наистина е така или е от снимката? (Your canvas, too, looks somewhat bluish to me! Is it really like that or is it just the picture?), where the dative pronominal clitic marks the so-called subject of opinion. To render this meaning, Russian employs epistemic verbs or other linguistic means indicating the subject of opinion, even in non-standard colloquial speech, e.g. И твоя панама что-то мне кажется синей. Это так действительно или только на фото? The study is focused primarily on dative-clitic constructions with sensory perception predicates, colour and taste predicates in particular, as classes representative of distant and contact perception. The goal is to determine the conditions under which the dative may be interpreted as the subject of opinion and what syntactic characteristics this interpretation correlates with. In addition, we describe nonstandard constructions where the dative pronoun denotes an entity that evaluates a state-of-affairs (evaluating subject). We show that corresponding constructions cannot be found even in non-standard colloquial Russian. The article is centered on written colloquial language constructions which demonstrate the emergence and active occasional use of language units and models potentially able to gain a foothold in the language. We assume that the models established in the standard language serve as a basis for the emergence of new formations such as the ones occurring in 426 online communication. The analyses of the different manifestations of the so-called subject of opinion and subject of evaluation are illustrated not only by Bulgarian examples, but also by their Russian translations, as well as by original examples from Russian online communication, which serve to reveal the semantic differences between the distinct functions of the dative constructions and to demonstrate the possible renditions of these constructions into Russian.
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This paper discusses the basic means of expressing desire in the Bulgarian language in comparison with Russian. The main focus is on the Bulgarian dispositional constructions, e.g. (Танцува ми се; не ми се прибира (I feel like dancing, I do not want to go home), which do not have a direct equivalent in Russian. The specific structure of the Bulgarian dispositional constructions is analyzed against the background of the lexical means of expressing desire: both by personal and by impersonal verbs. On the basis of evidence from parallel corpora, I show how the lack of exact correspondences between the two languages is overcome in translation. Another important task of the study is to reveal the semantic and grammatical differences between the Bulgarian dispositional constructions and the reflexive-dative Russian model (Мне (не) работается (I do not feel like working), which expresses a state of predisposition to an action. I demonstrate that the two constructions in focus, although similar at first glance, have significant grammatical and semantic differences. The analysis of parallel texts suggests that both constructions do not have a direct translation equivalent in the target language, and that the Russian model does not even have a regular translation correspondence.
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The paper examines perception predicates in Bulgarian and Russian. The study centers on sentences in which the object of perception is a situation expressed by a subordinate clause. Special attention is paid to the aspectual properties of the matrix verbs. We also discuss similarities and differences in the use of perception verbs in both languages, taking into account the realization of various constructions and complementizers.
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The article compares the distribution of complementation strategies in Bulgarian and Russian. In Russian, the opposition of finite complements (introduced primarily by что and чтобы) is opposed to infinitive complements. In the default case, the former do not mark co-reference, while the latter are used in contexts involving co-reference between the main and the embedded clause arguments, although this is not always the case. Bulgarian lacks infinitives, thus, it has no non-finite complement forms. However, the infinitive functions are, to a great degree, fulfilled by да-complements, as opposed to че-complements. The significant differences observed in the data are due to the presence of the finite verb in the complement clauses introduced by the complementizer да. As we demonstrate, the opposition between что / чтобы and the infinitive in Russian and the difference between че and да in Bulgarian have a lot in common, although only Russian infinitive clauses are non-finite in the strict sense. To demonstrate this, we examine the relation between various strategies of complementation, co-reference and tense, and show how different complement types exhibit non-standard types of syntactic control.
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