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Savaş Yıllarında Anadolu Rumlarının Yaşadığı İkilem (1919–1922)

Author(s): Taner Bilgin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

Greece doubtlessly was the leading country that caused trouble to the Ottoman Empire during the period 1919-1922 when the National Campaign continued. Greece, a small country, had to defeat the Turkish Nation whose population was more than the Greek in the war in order to have a say in the Anatolian territory. However, it is impossible to achieve this without having the support of the Greek in Anatolia. Therefore, Greece tried to supply soldiers from the Greek living in Anatolia considerably during the National Campaign. Whereas some of the Greek in Anatolia took place on the side of Greek Troops against the Turkish Troops, some others resisted not to fight against their neighbors with whom they lived together for centuries. This study handles the difficulty that the Greek in Anatolia had and good relationships that they established with the Turkish.

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Много повече от история на тютюна

Author(s): Stefan Detchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2017

A presentation of “Balkan Smoke. Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria” by Mary C. Neuburger

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GREECE’S CRETAN MOTIVE ON THE ROAD TO A BALKAN ALLIANCE AND WAR (1908 – 1912)

Author(s): Zorka Parvanova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The present study traces the evolution of Greece’s Balkan policy and the public sentiments in the Kingdom under the pressure of the escalating Young Turk revanchism on the Cretan question. The inconsistent, mutually contradictory positions of the Great Powers, performing as they were a balancing act between Constantinople and Athens, pushed the case of Crete into a cul-de-sac. The European declarations guaranteeing the Ottoman sovereignty over the island encouraged the Sublime Porte to seek a revision of the status of Crete. At the same time, their efforts to preserve the status quo after 1898, when the rights of the Sultan were reduced to a token suzerainty, fueled the unremitting struggle of the Cretan Greeks for enosis (unity). Caught between the rock of the Young Turks’ aggressive policy and the hard place of the Cretan people’s untamed aspirations for finalizing their unification with Greece, the Greek governments had no other option but to travel the long and bumpy road from the utterly pro-Ottoman, anti-Bulgarian position of G. Theotokis to Greece’s accession, under E. Venizélos, to the anti-Ottoman alliance of Slavic nations.

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О градитељима православних цркава у Босни и Херцеговини у вријеме аустро-угарске управе

Author(s): Ljiljana Ševo / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

Even though between 1878 and 1914 more than two hundred Orthodox churches were constructed or rebuilt in Bosnia and Herzegovina, today we know only around twenty names of their architects. As opposed to the Catholic churches, whose projects were entrusted to prominent architects of the Provincial government, usually to Josip Vancaš, for the construction of Orthodox temples they were employed only occasionally – Johan Kellner and Josef Czerny for the building of the Seminary in Reljevo1883-1884, Josef Czerny for the church in Reljevo 1886, August Butsch for the church in Blažuj 1897, and Rudolf Tönnies for the facade of the Metropolitan headquarters in 1898.Some churches were built according to the prototype projects of anonymous engineers of the Austro-Hungarian administration. Even when they were recorded, the names of the architects of Orthodox churches in Bosnia and Herzegovina which were built during this period, offer scarce information to the modern researcher, since they are not found elsewhere in other sources. It is probable that these were capable local builders, and only in two cases it is recorded that they were Serb engineers. It is considered that the church in Pale was built according to the project of the famous painter Lazar Drljača, and the similarity of this church with those in Maglaj, Gornji Dragaljevac and Gornje Zabrđe lead to the conclusion that they were also built according to Drljača’s plan.

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Milliyetçi İsyanlar Bağlamında Arnavutluk’ta Komite ve Çetelerin Rolü

Author(s): Yüksel Bayil / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2018

In the 19th century the nationalist separatist movements of the Ottoman Balkans occurred relatively later among the Albanians because of their cultural and religious differences. The Albanian rebellion in the first place was against the application of decisions of the Berlin Treaty in 1878 in the region rather than the ambition for independence. Then, it transformed into a reaction against measures taken by II.Abdulhamit and the Committee of Union and Progress to protect the status quo in the region. In this period, Albanians tried to protect their self-interest and reach their desire with the activities of gangs like many Balkan nations that demanded independence. In this study, the role of gang activities and secret organizations, emerged as a result of political developments at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, and their effects on the independence of Albania and the political structure of the region, are examined.

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Фриц Фишер или немачко суочавање са историјом

Author(s): Andrej Mitrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2015

Године 1977. уједном осврту на дело Фрица Фишера (Fritz Fischer), професора историје на Универзитету у Хамбургу, угледни минхенски историчар Нипердај (Thomas Nipperdey), поред другог, написао је и ово: „Током шездесетих година није само еснаф историчара био узбуркан Фишеровом контроверзом, него и јавност заинтересована за политику и историју [...]. Својим тезама да далекосежни и анексионистички ратаи циљеви нису били пангерманске фантазије, него саставни део и израз континуираних тежњи за светском моћи, Фишер је у нерв погодио немачку историјску свест и тиме сложену ситуацију историјске науке [...]. Више нико не може и неће да изостане за Фишером. Његова књига је уистину отворила епоху, он је на основу нових извора и нових тумачења једно укорењено мишљење ревидирао, штавише револуционарно га изменио ...]. Више него иједан други немачки историчар постао је глава једне школе." [...]

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Nemačka iznad svega

Author(s): Momčilo Pudar / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2015

Nemačka je iskovala „evropsko čudo“: poražena, razrušena, okupirana i podeljena na dve neprijateljske države, danas je prva sila i vodeća nacija u stroju evropskih država. Istočni deo je bio ideološki proizvod SSSR-a, sa njim roden, sa njim umro; zapadni deo je u cigle tri godine skinuo nacističku uniformu i obukao uniformu NATO-a. Nacistički rajh, uzročnik tragedije evropskih naroda, obima koji istorija nikada nije zapisala, od poraženog krvoločnog neprijatelja, voljom snažne Amerike, svrstan je medu pobednike zapadnih sila. Istovremeno je SSSR, odlučujući pobednik u Velikom ratu, preko nod prestao biti saveznik, a postao preteća neprijateljska sila, u senci hladnog rata, fenomena epohe, koji je objavio Truman. [...]

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Prikaz: Inventing the Schlieffen Plan. German War Planing 1871-1914

Author(s): Srđan Mićić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2007

Prikaz/The review of: Terence Zuber, Inventing the Schlieffen Plan. German War Planing 1871-1914, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2002. 340+xii pp.

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Програмска опредељења српских владајућих политичких странака (1881-1903) о уређењу војске

Author(s): Zoran Todorović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

In this paper, programme decisions with respect to military organization of Serbian armed forces of the three most significant political parties, which were on power at the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX century: National Liberal Party, Serbian Progressive Party and National Radical Party are presented. Each of these three political parties, either while they were on power or when they were the opposition, stated their political programmes in which they wrote, apart from internal and external policy issues, independence, organization of the state and education, also about the organization of Serbian armed forces which represent an important factor in the defence of independence and achievement of broader national aims presented in the political programmes. Through the attitudes of the political parties towards the organization and the role of Serbian armed forces in internal and external policy, basic political principles were projected and their ideological and political nature depicted.

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Бугарска ратна морнарица – основне етапе у њеној изградњи и развоју (1879 - 1919. године)

Author(s): Todor Parušev Todorov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

The Bulgarian Naval Fleet (the Danube flotilla) was established in 1879 in the town of Ruse thanks to the overall Russian support. In 1897 the formation of a naval fleet was also started with its base in the city of Varna. Deliveries of vessels and military machinery came from France. French specialists helped in the organization of the Black Sea Fleet and the training of its crew. Bulgaria’s small naval fleet acted really well in the Balkan Wars. The Bulgarian officers and seamen successfully defended our sea coast. In the years of World War I Bulgaria was an ally to Germany. German deliveries helped the fleet modernization. In 1916 the first submarines joined the fleet and in 1917 Bulgarian water aircraft escadrille was formed. After the World War I the Bulgarian Naval Fleet was transformed to Sea and River Police Service.

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Политика у Србији крајем XIX и почетком XX века виђена очима руских дипломатских, војних и полицијских агената

Author(s): Jaroslav Valerijanovič Višnjakov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2010

The article dwells on the subject of political development of Serbia at the beginning of the 20th century as seen by Russian witnesses – diplomats as well as military and security agents who were actively involved in the Belgrade politics of the time. Their evidence is crucial for understanding the reasons and character of the Serbian political crisis which led to the coup d’etat of May, 29th, 1903.

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Српска војска у османлијским штампаним и рукописним изворима (1881–1915)

Author(s): Jovo Miladinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2015

During the period 1881 to 1915, the Ottomans wrote and printed about 21 studies of the Army of the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia. Many of them can be found in libraries in Istanbul, with one in the Central Library of the Atatürk University in Erzurum. This kind of source contains the information and views of the Ottoman officers about Serbian military tactics, military reform movement and organization, dislocation of the units, and all similar military information which helped provide understanding of the development of a potential enemy. One of the sources was written by the Ottomans military attaché who was posted in Belgrade, while some of the sources were simply a translation from French or German. This paper endeavors to identify these sources’ location, their authors, and most importantly, which kind of source was used for writing a book or an article about the military capability of the Serbia. Many of these printed and manuscript sources seem to be little-known to writers, including Turkish historians, of Serbian military history.

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Идеологија као интризична снага Младе Босне

Author(s): Radoslav Gaćinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 7/2014

The decision of the great powers representatives on the Congress of Berlin to allow Austro-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina appeared fatal to survival of a multinational empire, which did not wait long to execute those decisions. Habsburg troupes passed the border on July 29th 1878 at many places, which caused great disturbances in Bosnia and Herzegovina and conflicts with approaching units of black and yellow alliance towards Bosnian and Herzegovinian territory. Serbs were at the edge of the mass rebellion. It is that moment when an embryo of a resistance against occupational government was born, especially among young people, who were not ready to tolerate violence and enslavement in their own country. Immediately after its arrival at the Bosnian and Herzegovinian territory, Austro-Hungary appeared as a real occupational power and thus caused people’s revolt, especially of advanced intelligence. Human rights and freedoms were abolished, so it was necessary to form illegal cultural institutions and political organizations. Thus was formed organization of Young Bosnia as well, whose members assassinated Austro-Hungarian prince Franz Ferdinand.

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Демографски облик и стопанска активност на цариградските българи според опис от 1881–1882 г.

Author(s): Orlin Sabev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2018

The study presents and analyzes the statistics about the Bulgarians in Constantinople, provided in a 1881–1882 Ottoman census register, which is preserved at the Sts Cyril and Methodius National Library in Sofia. The register contains the names of 1245 Bulgarians residing in Constantinople, mostly singles and economic migrants. They were mainly gardeners, milkmen and woolens manufacturers and dealers. Bulgarian gardeners (probably Bulgarian milkmen, as well) originating from the Macedonian lands began migrating to Constantinople for economic reasons at the latest in the seventeenth century, if not earlier (there is no documental proof for that, however), while significant number of woolens manufacturers and dealers, mostly from the central Bulgarian lands, moved to Constantinople in the first half of the nineteenth century in order to cover better the increased woolens needs of the Ottoman army. According to the mid-nineteenth-century Bulgarian press in Constantinople, the woolens manufacturers and dealers prevailed over the other professional groups of Bulgarian economic migrants there. Coming to the Bosphorus city much later than the gardeners, the specific military-political and economic structure stimulates the growth of the Bulgarian woolens manufacturers and dealers community until they become the most prominent professional class of the Bulgarian colony there. However, when the Bulgarian Principality and the Province of Eastern Rumelia were established in 1878, most of the residents of Constantinople originating from the central Bulgarian lands that were now free, returned to their homeland. However, as the said 1881–1882 census register confirms, those Bulgarian migrants (mainly gardeners and milkmen) from the Macedonian lands which were still under Ottoman rule continued to work in Constantinople. This explains the current situation of the small community of Bulgarians living in the city, most of their ancestors having been Macedonian-born Bulgarian gardeners and milkmen.

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Кронщатското морско инженерно училище и подготовката на специалисти за флота

Author(s): Marina Pironkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2018

A presentation of ‘Emperor Nicholas I’s College of Naval Engineers (1898–1919)’ by Igor Naimushin

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AMBASADAT E HUAJA NË VILAJETIN E KOSOVËS GJATË SHEK. XIX-XX, SIPAS DOKUMENTEVE ARKIVORE OSMANE

Author(s): Ayten Ardel / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 48/2018

Vilajeti i Kosovës, i themeluar pas Luftës Ruso-Osmane (1877-1878) dhe Kongresit të Berlinit, është njëri ndër rajonet për të cilin është diskutuar dhe për të cilin ka pasur luftë të vazhdueshme, si luftë fizike ashtu edhe diplomatike. Nga njëra anë subjekti mysliman dhe jomysliman brenda elementit osman dhe në anën tjetër interesat politike të fuqive evropiane, me në krye Austrinë, Rusinë dhe Italinë, çuan në diskutimin e status-quo-së në Gadishullin Ballkanik. Ndërhyrja e Anglisë dhe Francës, mbështetja e politikës rumune nga ana e Rusisë dhe ambiciet që këto shtete kishin për Kosovën i sollën në prag të luftës. Pas shpalljes së monarkisë kushtetuese për herë të dytë nga shteti osman, në Ballkan gjendja përkeqësohet, pasi që kjo futi përçarje ndërmjet myslimanëve dhe jomyslimanëve (serbë, rumë, bullgarë dhe vlleh). Njëherësh këto zhvillime shkaktuan jostabilitet dhe pakënaqësi edhe nga ana e myslimanëve, të cilët reaguan shumë ashpër ndaj reformave të reja. Pas ardhjes në pushtet të Partisë Bashkim dhe Përparim (Partia Xhonturke), humbja e territoreve shqiptare (Kosovës) vetëm sa u përshpejtua. [...]

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Образы-представления о Черном континенте и африканцах у германского колониального офицера Рудольфа Ганссера

Author(s): Andrey Yuryevich Kalistratov,Vasily Lvovich Chernopyorov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2018

The German Empire, having entered the colonial race of the Great Powers later than the other countries, by the beginning of the ХХ century could become established on the relatively small territories in various parts on the world, its biggest lands being situated in Africa. Rwanda-Urundi and Tanganyika in the eastern part of the Dark Continent as well as Cameroon, Togoland and South West Africa in the west belonged to Germany. There exists a number of works about the German dominance in Africa. However, understanding by German colonial officers of the importance of their own mission in the host countries, native inhabitants and relations with them have not been sufficiently studied. The given article is to partially compensate for these shortfalls. Its aim is to reconstruct the understanding of the Dark Continent by colonial officers of the German Empire which predetermined their behavior on the Dark Continent. The sources of the current research are personal materials and official documents belonging to Rudolf Hansser (the diary, letters and reports) covering the period 1896—1902. Taking into consideration the fact that R. Hansser was a typical representative of colonial officers, while assumptions have to be made about his individual knowledge and worldview, his understanding and views on the Dark Continent can be spread to all junior German colonial officers of the late XIX — early XX centuries. The methodological basis of the given research is the publications in the field of imagology and intelligentsia studies. The understanding of the images and the stages of their formation (ethnic, foreign-policy, stereotypes and images of a foreign culture) is based on the developments of the Centre for the Study of Russian History of the Russian History School (Russian Academy of Science). The definition of the officer case R. Hansser belonged to as an autonomous social and intellectual community is the achievement of the school of intelligentsia studies of Ivanovo State University. Intelligentsia is considered as a part of a broader notion that is intellectuals. The behavior patterns of western intellectuals (weak people, independent experts, outsiders and nonconformists) are in the focus of attention. The results of the research are the following. The understanding by R. Hansser of the Dark Continent and the Aborigines are within the frameworks of the traditional for that time discourse: willingness to serve the native land in the colonies is combined with the desire to move up a career path and to reach material well-being. However, paternalism towards the natives and the feeling of superiority over them led to the appearance and development of racist ideas that formed a definite behavior towards the African people. At the same time, Hansser’s enthusiasm turned into disappointment under the influence of a number of failed projects and the lack of career development. However, the officer explained his failures by different factors but he never accepted his own blame.

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Ženske na trgu dela: čas sprememb 1880-1910

Author(s): Sabina Žnidaršić Žagar / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2003

The paper deals with the issue of women's integration and adaptation to the new conditions in the market of labour and earning in Carniola, which were dictated by a gradual establishment of a capitalist and industrial production. An analysis has been made on the basis of the occupational statistics (Berufsstatistik) which were published by the Austrian government after the decennial, general censuses between 1880 and 1910. This analysis shows that the women in Carniola participated intensively in the new processes, that the number of earning women increased over the passing decades, not only in agriculture but also in other sectors of the economy, and that special and different conditions, from those of men, were applied to them in the labour market. The economic sector, the occupation and the manner in which women could earn was very much determined by the level of economic development in a given political district, as well as by the situation in the labour market.

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Muftija Šemsekadić u pjesmama sandžačkih Bošnjaka

Author(s): Naka Nikšić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 81-82/2019

Shortly before the Berlin Congress (1878), when there was first word of the possibility of an Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia, the mufti of Pljevalj Mehmed Nurudin Šemsekadić became politically active. He established a connection with the Bosniak elite in Sarajevo and began the preparation for armed resistance against the Austro-Hungarians. Once their troops had entered, mufti Šemsekadić and his volunteer squads headed towards Bosnia and on several occasions defeated Austro-Hungarian troops. However, despite that, the Bosnian cities gradually fell, one after the other, and he, with an increasingly smaller number of followers, withdrew in the direction of Sandžak. Many songs were soon sung about this mufti, who quickly gained a reputation for his bravery and his ability to incite opposition. The aim of this paper is to find and make a record of the songs of the historical figure of mufti Šemsekadić, as well as to analyze them in the context of historical events. The paper offers a theoretical analysis of the life of the mufti of Pljevalj, Šemsekadić, and his role in putting up resistance to the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia. We also recorded and, using the “Finnish method” (a method used in ethnomusicology), wrote down five songs about him which are even today sung among the Bosniaks of the region of Sandžak. This paper will help us make a contribution to the preservation of the Bosniak music tradition, as well as view the reflections of historical events in folk music.

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Neobjavljena konvencija o imovini nikšićkih muslimana (1888-1889)

Author(s): Enes Efović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 81-82/2019

Muslimani Nikšića su populacija iz prošlosti koja figurira u velikom broju pisanih radova, koji u većoj ili manjoj mjeri, uopšteno ili detaljnije, opisuju različite segmente iz njenog života, ili njenu dalju sudbinu po padu Nikšića krajem 1877. godine. Nikšićani, tj. građani, onogoški Turci, nikšićki Turci, itd. kao takvi, figuriraju kao posredni ili neposredni akteri u razradi neke istorijske teme, zatim u raznim memoarskim spisima, ili pak u opisima širih društvenih događaja tokom XVIII i XIX vijeka, sve do Berlinskog kongresa i njegovog epiloga. Na žalost, malo radova je objavljeno na osnovu autentičnih arhivskih izvora koji govore o Nikšićanima ili Nikšiću, a i tada često u sklopu rasvjetljavanja problematike agrarnih i drugih imovinskih odnosa i regulisanja naknada za iste, što je bio jedan od krupnijih problema sa kojima se susrela crnogorska država po realizaciji odredbi Berlinskog kongresa 1878. godine i novostvorene situacije koja je iz njega potekla.

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