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The paper presents part of a hoard containing items of armaments, horse trappings and everyday objects discovered accidentally on the land of the village of Markovo, Shumen region. While inspecting the site of the discovery on the surface the author came across an array of heavily decayed iron items from tools, cattle-breeding equipment, animal bones as well as some fragments of building ceramics and pots of engraved linear decoration and polished strips from the VIII-th - X-th c. The Old Bulgarian signs engraved on some of them refer to the same period and have numerous analogies from Pliska, Madara and Preslav. Then the author assumed that a medieval settlement probably existed in the site of the discovery or the objects fell there by obscure circumstances most probably from the nearby large but insufficiently studied Hambarluk fortress from late Antiquity and the Middle Ages which came into existence in the V-th - Vi-th centuries and continued existing until the XIV-th c. The published materials by analogies fall withing the chronological boundaries of the early Bulgarian Middle Ages and specifically in the mid-X-th - late XI-th centuries.
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The village of Gintsi is located in Western Bulgaria, at the foothills of the Western Balkan Range and at about 50 km of Sofia. Once a road connecting Moesia and the river Danube with Sardica and Macedonia used to pass through the village. There were also fortifications around it, as evidenced by the toponym "Kaleto", relevant to two elevations at both sides of the route to Petrohan pass. According to a record dated from 1490, the village had an entirely Christian population, as did the entire area in the vicinity of Sofia. A Turkish register shows that the church in the village, that can be dated from the Middle Ages, continued to exist. According to its plan, the St. Nicholas of Myra belongs to the most widespread type of churches in Bulgarian lands in the Middle Ages and the National Revival, the single-naved basilica. The church has a semi-circular central apse inside and out, a naos and a narthex (added later). The entrance is one from the west, through the narthex into the naos. It has a barrel vault and has a gable roof with wooden casing and tiles, completely in the style of West Bulgarian single-naved churches in the period from the end of the 12-th to the 19-th century. The building technique is traditional for West Bulgarian lands. The material used was hewn and river stone, joint with white mortar. The church was decorated with murals. There were three distinctive period of decoration, with almost nothing remaining from the first murals. The murals are in three artistic layers.
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The Old Bulgarian Blessing of the Waters on the Eve of Epiphany from X-XI centuries is the earliest Slavic copy of that work, giving an account of the very old routine of the Holy Sanctification of the Water, which is performed nowadays on the eve of Epiphany (January 6 - new stile). During the examination of the later Slavic copies of this Convention from the XV-XVII centuries, were discovered two unknown short redactions - one of them from the XVth c. - in Russia, Serbian, and Bulgarian Books of divine services and Prayer-books, and the other - from the year 1782 (in a Church Slavic prayer-book from Hilandar monastery, in Mount Athos). In the article, for the first time, is published the text of the short redaction of the Blessing of the Water on the Eve of Epiphany, from the above mentioned XVIIIth c. Preayer-book.
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The paper investigates the interpretational challenges and research limitations faced by the historians of language who analyse the lexis of the scientific and technical texts of the Middle Polish period. It was established that such challenges stem from the following: 1) the necessity to have at hand specialised knowledge relating to natural sciences, which is rare among linguists; 2) the need to regard Middle Polish scientific from the perspective of past science, not the modern one; 3) lack of competence of the speakers of the centuries-old Polish; 4) the necessity to make use of lexicographical papers for research purposes; 5) incompleteness of written lexical historical material as preserved in old texts.
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The author presents the subject of the regency of Duchess Pereyaslava after the tragicdeath of her husband Siemowit I of Mazovia, which took place in June 1262. Hedescribes the circumstances forcing her to sweep to power and the activities undertakenby her to bring order to the Duchy of Mazovia. The article also includes a review of theliterature discussing this issue.
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The main purpose of the text is to analyse the vitae (the Lives) of the Polish princessHedwig (Jadwiga, 1178/80–1243) who was commonly recognised as a saint. This is anattempt to show how the marriage of Henry the Bearded and Hedwig of Silesia wasdescribed in the Lives of the saint. The aim of the research was to examine the specificperception of social relations between sexes and especially the problem of the reversal ofsocial order and the issue of the autonomy of the princesses.
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The aim of the article is to analyse how Elżbieta Granowska and her marriage toWładysław Jagiełło are presented in the lampoon “Epistola taxans matrimoniumVladislai regis cum Elisabeth Granowska contractum” by Stanisław Ciołek. The piece waswritten as an animal tale at the beginning of the 15th century. The first part of the article isfocused on animal representations of Elżbieta Granowska andWładysław Jagiełło and theirsymbolism, the second on the image of Elżbieta Granowska and her marriage toWładysław Jagiełło created by Stanisław Ciołek and on his possible inspirations.
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The aim of this article is to present Mary I Tudor as the queen regnant. She wasthe first English female ruler who wielded authority over England, which causednumerous problems related to the scope of her power. The Queen was perceivedas a monarch and as a woman. A particularly interesting issue is the perceptionof Mary after her marriage to Philip of Habsburg.
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Plutarch’s Life of Artaxerxes II presents the character and the ruling style of the Persianking, focusing on the moral aspect of his attitudes and actions. As an experiencedbiographer, he shows history through people controlled by emotions and experiences.Artaxerxes II for the most part of the work is exposed as a weak ruler, subjected to theinfluence of his mother and of his wife, who fight each other. Based on their struggle,Plutarch creates a war of good, represented by Stateira, versus evil, personified byParysatia.
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Using several examples, the author wants to present the theme of women on Vikingexpeditions. Among these women should be placed Aud the Deep-Minded, GunnhildrGormsdóttir, Freydis Eiríksdóttir and Gudridr Thorbjarnardóttir. The author presentshow these women changed the face of the world in the 10th century and the impact theyhad on social, political and economic history.
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On the basis of archaeological and historical sources the author presents an outline ofHispaniola’s indigenous people’s culture and discusses the impact that the Spanishcolonization had on them after the year 1492. The author also points out the role ofTaino’s women in the process of preserving elements of traditional culture.
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The article gathers information about female theatre on Polish territories between 1765and 1939. The author asks questions about the main reasons for forming theatres andcharacterizes directors’ competencies and differences between institutions. The articleshows the increasing number of female directors and characterizes it using the exampleof Warsaw’s theatres. The article designates directions for further research on thepresence and meaning of female directors in the history of theatre
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The article is an introduction to the issue of the presence of women in the politics of theSecond Polish Republic at the parliamentary level. The activities of women in the Sejmand Senate of the interwar period have been discussed with particular emphasis on thechanges in the legislation on women. The most important provisions limiting women’srights have also been presented. Although Polish women had received full electoralrights in 1918, they had to fight for total equality in the legal system for many years.
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Julia Brystygier, Elena Ceauşescu, and Margot Honecker were in positions of power instate socialist dictatorships. Compared to many other representatives of the AnciénRegimes, the images of these women became extraordinarily negative after 1989. Thisarticle discusses their careers and their public image post 1989 and considers the role ofgender in the way these women are currently perceived.
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The paper is an evaluation of female activity in the Bar Confederation in the 18thcentury using the example of Maria Amelia Brühl Mniszchowa. The main goal of thepaper is to introduce Mniszchowa and her activity within the Confederation based onhistorical sources and scholarly literature. The query showed that the activity of womenin the Bar Confederation, and especially that of Maria Amelia Mniszchowa, had not beenfully explored until now.
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Volume II of the monograph of Oświęcim contains the history of the city. It has been divided into two parts devoted to the systemic changes, spatial and economic development and religious life. The authors discuss the meaning of the name of the city, its districts and streets, and the history of the city’s coat of arms. They present the results of archaeological research and the history of the city from the earliest times until the early years of the People’s Republic of Poland. A separate chapter is devoted to the history of the Oświęcim Jews. The second part discusses, among other things, locations of church buildings, religious orders operating in Oświęcim, as well as outstanding figures of religious life, which contributed to the development of the city.
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Volume II of the monograph of Oświęcim contains the history of the city. It has been divided into two parts devoted to the systemic changes, spatial and economic development and religious life. The authors discuss the meaning of the name of the city, its districts and streets, and the history of the city’s coat of arms. They present the results of archaeological research and the history of the city from the earliest times until the early years of the People’s Republic of Poland. A separate chapter is devoted to the history of the Oświęcim Jews. The second part discusses, among other things, locations of church buildings, religious orders operating in Oświęcim, as well as outstanding figures of religious life, which contributed to the development of the city.
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Over the course of millennia power laid in the hands of generals and rulers and their ability to act – but so did their downfalls. Thus, the first part of this presentation will be focused on the importance of strategy and tactics in any kind of rule. Furthermore, Japanese warfare will be anatomized – how the samurai became elite warriors, weaponry, the transition of samurai warfare during the Sengoku Period and its importance to the fight for supremacy between the Japanese Clans. The goal of this paper is to unravel the conundrums of The Age of War from a political frame of reference, under three powerful influences – Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. The discussion will then shift towards analyzing the impetus that put in motion their plans and the ways they achieved power, their brilliant strategies and their undoing, whilst using the knowledge regarding Political Science and International Relations to determine the political legacy of their actions.
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