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Drug Users in Prison: Norway's Experience and Bulgaria's Challenges

Author(s): Dimitar Markov,Hedda Giertsen,Maria Doichinova / Language(s): English

Publication looks over the situation of drug users in two European countries – Norway, known for its social and welfare-oriented state, and Bulgaria, which since the beginning of the transition from totalitarism to democracy lacks sustainable policies on prisons and drugs. The aim of this work is to comparatively present the penal policy towards drug users and the measures taken for convicted people addicted to narcotic substances, to identify those features which can be transferable and can assist Bulgarian authorities to improve the situation of drug users in and outside the prison. Finally, this research will try to propose concrete measures to be taken both within the penitentiary system and as crime prevention efforts among drug users.

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Правна рамка на регистрите на юридическите лица с нестопанска цел: оценка и предложения за промени

Author(s): Maria Yordanova,Dimitar Markov,Miryana Ilcheva,Galina Sapundzhieva / Language(s): Bulgarian

Improvement of registration of non-profit organisations (NPOs) is a necessary precondition for strengthening the civil society and increasing its transparency and accountability. An easy and simple registration procedure, with no duplication of information and functioning automatic exchange of data, would allow the civic sector to concentrate on its substantive priorities. The registration of NPOs and its subsequent maintenance determines to a large extent the relations between those organisations and the state authorities and is an indicator of the will of decision makers to lighten excessive administrative burden and thus facilitate the civil sector's development. The concept offered and the recommendations for legislative changes provide support to institutions in achieving that aim.

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Vulnerable Groups of Prisoners: A Handbook

Author(s): Alejandro Forero Cuéllar,María Celeste Tortosa,Klaus Dreckmann,Dimitar Markov,Maria Doichinova / Language(s): English

In prison, certain groups of inmates are subject to disadvantages due to specifics of their origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, etc. These groups usually need special treatment, which is not always provided, which leads to unequal treatment and violation of their rights. This handbook examines the situation of such vulnerable groups within the prison systems of Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Lithuania and Spain. Starting from the classification of the UN Handbook on Prisoners with special needs and looking at the different national contexts, the authors identify different groups as vulnerable in different countries. In order to encompass as many groups as possible, their list was extended to include some particularly marginalised groups, such as sex offenders, prisoners with disabilities, etc. Each group is viewed in context, explaining the situations of vulnerability both generally and in the selected countries. From one side, the handbook presents the efforts for compensation of vulnerabilities in every country available in the legislation or provided by prison authorities or other actors. From the other side, it identifies the gaps in the measures and practices, which vary both from country to country and from group to group.

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Prison Conditions Monitoring Index: Methodology and Pilot Results

Author(s): Dimitar Markov,Maria Doichinova / Language(s): English

International organisations, national governments and human rights NGOs exercise various types of monitoring of the penitentiary systems. In order to quantify their results, there are some generally accepted indicators (such as the number of inmates per 100.000 citizens), but in many specific areas like healthcare, employment, security and safety, such indicators have never been applied. Therefore, those monitoring efforts will substantially benefit from an instrument capable of supplying comparable and easy-to-use data on the situation in prisons. To address this need, the Center for the Study of Democracy, in cooperation with the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, the Observatory on the Penal System and Human Rights with the University of Barcelona, the Law Institute of Lithuania and Association Droit au Droit, developed a Prison Conditions Monitoring Index (PCMI) – a system of indicators translating into comparable figures the situation in different prisons. In the end of 2014, the PCMI was piloted in several prisons in Bulgaria, Germany and Lithuania to test its operability and analyse the potential use of the results it generates. The present report elaborates on the methodology underlying the PCMI and offers a summary of the results of its pilot implementation. It is intended for a broad audience of readers including policy makers, prison staff, lawyers, social workers, academics and NGOs interested in the topic of prison monitoring.

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Ambulant sanctions as an alternative to imprisonment in the European Union

Author(s): Christine M. Graebsch,Sven-Uwe Burkhardt / Language(s): English

The issue of imprisonment vs. alternative penalties has been debated in various European countries during the last decades, and ambulant sanctions have been heavily on the rise. Community sentences and other alternatives to imprisonment are regarded as modern instruments for the rehabilitation of offenders. The objective of the present study is to examine the scope of application of penalties without deprivation of liberty as compared to imprisonment as well as to identify promising practices of alternative criminal sanctioning in Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Spain and Lithuania. As this study covers several European countries, the comparative perspective suggests itself nearly as a matter of course. In this connection, it seems reasonable to describe the existing ambulant sanctions of the different member states involved, taking into account their legal arrangement and their relation within the system of penal sanctions including their relation to the deprivation of liberty. It in addition appears sensible to describe and compare these ambulant sanctions with reference to their contribution to the re-socialisation or rehabilitation of those subjected to them as well as with special attention to the involvement of civil society in their execution. In a further step, promising practices in connection with ambulant sanctions could be highlighted which may be recommended for imitation by other member states. Such an approach proves to be impossible for multiple reasons, though, and it would be inadequate just to make such an attempt. There are exemplary references to ambulant sanctions in Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Lithuania and Spain. This is due to the fact that scientists from these countries have taken part in the realisation of this project but not necessarily because of specific outstanding features of their sanction systems in comparison with other member states.

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CSD-Report 23 - Penitentiary Policy аnd System in the Republic оf Bulgaria

Author(s): Maria Yordanova,Dimitar Markov / Language(s): English

The report explores to what extent Bulgaria has introduced the European standards in the legal regulation of the prison system and the execution of the penal sanction of imprisonment, how are they implemented in practice, what is the State’s penal policy and strategy in this area in general and in respect to drug-addicted prisoners in particular, and what is the opinion of the people working in the penitentiary system and the non-governmental organizations monitoring the activities of penitentiary facilities.

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Organized Crime in Bulgaria: Markets and Trends

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The report Organized Crime in Bulgaria: Markets and Trends summarizes the analyses carried out by the Center for the Study of Democracy throughout the last decade which have focused on specific aspects of organized crime in Bulgaria (contraband, the drug market, tax fraud, human trafficking, arms proliferation, etc.), the systemic spread of corruption, and the linkages between the two. The report presents the latest trends and manifestations (or market niches) of syndicate crime and its particularly damaging effects. It goes further to offer a historical review of the facts and available expertise in the area, and to draw conclusions about the origin, characteristics and developmental features of organized criminality in Bulgaria in the context of the transition to democracy.

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CSD-Report 12 - The Drug Market in Bulgaria

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The Center for the Study of Democracy has undertaken a special inquiry into the topic of drug abuse - which was fueled by the drug epidemic of the late 1990s and has grown to become a real social threat - and the problem of drug dealing, which is a major mechanism for the generation of organized crime in Bulgaria. This report addresses drug supply and demand in Bulgaria with the ambition of mapping a vast information void and identifying the basic mechanisms and stakeholders of the drug market. However, the peculiarities of drug diffusion and consumption do not allow the use of the standard suite of economic research tools and vehicles throughout the study. This analysis has been divided into three sections. The first addresses the genesis of drug distribution, while the second describes its structure and functioning. The findings about supply presented in the first two parts are based on a series of in-depth interviews with dealers of different groups of drugs, long-term drug users, with police and security officers (experienced in combating drug traffic, drug production, and drug dealing), doctors, and civil organizations engaged in treatment services to drug addicts. Section 3 highlights drug demand, and brings into play the findings of the First National Population Survey on Drug Consumption in Bulgaria conducted by Vitosha Research. For the purpose of this study, CSD and Vitosha Research used the research tools of the European Monitoring Center on Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). While paying attention to a variety of views, the team of authors has tried to find common ground upon which to evaluate the actual number of drug users in the country. Even if population-based surveys are often unreliable due to stigmatized and hidden patterns of drug use, they are the type of surveys that provide a comprehensive representation of the situation in the country, as well as reference material for later in-depth studies.In addition, a series of indirect variables, tailored to Bulgarian circumstances, were drawn up to register psychoactive substance use. Two more surveys, of the qualitative type, were conducted: one among heroin addicts and frequent users of soft drugs, and another among experts and treatment agencies. This report was developed by the CSD as part of project evaluating the patterns of drug supply and demand in Bulgaria.

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Модел за подкрепа на жертви на домашно насилие и насилие, основано на пола

Author(s): Elmira Nesheva,Daniela Kolarova,Rumen Minkovski / Language(s): Bulgarian

Freedom from violence, regardless of its form, is every human being’s fundamental right. The rights to life, liberty and security of person have been regulated in the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as in the European Convention on Human Rights. The purpose of the Victims Support Model is to provide information and to present the currently existing activities, services and departments, which operate in the area of domestic and gender-based violence. The proposed Model accepts that the strong prevalence of the phenomena and the consequences thereof necessitate that it is treated as a public health issue. For this reason, an approach is being proposed, which defines and outlines the roots and the consequences of this problem in Bulgaria, identifies the risk and protective factors, and proposes strategies for effective resolution, including activities on prevention, timely reaction, and follow-up.

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Национално изследване на домашното насилие и насилието, основано на полов признак (ДННОПП), и изработване на модел за подкрепа на жертвите на насилие (МПЖН).

Author(s): Slavyanka Ivanova,Miriana Ilcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian

The current brief is based on the results of the National Study on Domestic and Gender Based Violence (DGBV) and Elaboration of Victims Support Model (VSM), developed under Programme Area 29, BG12: Domestic and Gender Based Violence, Measure 3: Research and data collection of the Norwegian Financial Mechanism. The study focused on four main thematic areas connected with DGBV phenomena: factors and causes, scales and prevalence, consequences, and public response. The study revealed that DGBV victimisation is caused by the simultaneous action of three types of factors: factors representing a conflict, violent conflict-resolution models that the perpetrators follow, and lack or blocking of deterrent mechanisms. DGBV re-victimisation occurs when the victims lack both internal and external resources to counteract. The reporting of DGBV prevalence depends on three factors: real occurrence of DGBV, awareness that the experienced acts represent DGBV, and readiness to share this experience with authorities, help providers or researchers.

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Национално изследване на домашното насилие и насилието, основано на полов признак. Аналитичен доклад

Author(s): Slavyanka Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian

Bulgaria is among those half of EU-member states where statistical information about victim-offender relationship is not gathered, hereby making impossible the assessment of the share of domestic violence among crimes against the person. Domestic violence is not qualified as a criminal offence and is still not included in the Criminal Code – and respectively, in statistical data provided by the Police and by the National Statistical Institute. Information about numbers of complaints for domestic violence registered in the police and numbers of cases of domestic violence submitted to the courts are not present in the publicly available statistics either. The current report is part of the National Study on Domestic and Gender Based Violence (DGBV) and Elaboration of Victims Support Model (VSM), developed under Programme Area 29, BG12: Domestic and Gender Based Violence, Measure 3: Research and data collection of the Norwegian Financial Mechanism, in response to their aims: research and collection of data regarding the prevalence and measures to prevent and combat DGBV. The general objective of the study is to contribute to the prevention of DGBV and to improve the situation of DGBV victims in Bulgaria, with specific focus on Roma women and girls. The specific objective is to develop knowledge and expertise regarding the situation of domestic and gender-based violence to ensure that all stakeholders including the Bulgarian government can access strong independent analysis in order to facilitate better informed and evidence-based policy decisions. This objective is achieved by conducting quantitative and qualitative study in Bulgaria which provides data regarding the prevalence and measures to prevent and combat DGBV among the general and Roma population. Additional objective is to develop and pilot a Victims Support Model (VSM), which aimed to involve local community in the assistance and protection of DGBV victims and engage the key local stakeholders (police departments, service providers, local authorities, Roma organizations).

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Социални проблеми на присъединяването на България към Европейския съюз

Author(s): Teodora Noncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian

The social policy of the European Union aims to reduce the most substantial differences in the national schemes and programs, to facilitate the free movement of workers, to create prerequisites for employment growth and improvement of the working conditions, to raise the level of qualification and to promote the retraining and the reintegration of people who lost their job because of structural economic changes or for other reasons with social implications. Ensuring of the national social security systems' conformity with the criteria for membership in the European Union is of substantial importance for the entire process of democratisation and integration in Europe. At the same time these systems determine the internal potential of the applicant countries for accession. That is where the actuality of the questions, put in this study stems from: What is the scope of the field of action of the economic and social criteria for integration in the social sphere? To what extent does the Bulgarian system for social protection correspond to the European models and values? What are the perspectives for development of the social reform in the light of the strategy for accession to the European Union? These questions do not have a simple answer, but nevertheless the analysis of the social problems of the integration is the main challenge at the current stage of the social reform.

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KA ODGOVORNOM I PROFESIONALNOM POSTUPANJU SA LEZBEJKAMA, GEJEVIMA, BISEKSUALNIM, TRANSRODNIM I INTERSPOLNIM OSOBAMA - PRIRUČNIK ZA PREDSTAVNIKE_CE INSTITUCIJA KOJE DJELUJU NA NIVOU OPĆINA, GRADOVA I KANTONA U BIH

Author(s): Dajana Cvjetković,Vladana Vasić / Language(s): Bosnian

Poštovane_i profesionalke_profesionalci, ako se nikad u svom radu niste susrele_i sa lezbejkom, gejem, biseksualnom, transrodnom ili interspolnom (LGBTI) osobom, onda je ovaj priručnik namijenjen upravo vama. Razmislite! Ukoliko tokom višegodišnjeg profesionalnog rada niste upoznale_i LGBTI osobu, da li to možda znači da je niste prepoznale_i, a ne da je nije bilo?! Dopustite da navedemo jedan primjer. Prema rezultatima popisa stanovništva iz 2013. godine, u Federaciji BiH živi oko 80.000 građanki i građana koje_i se ne izjašnjavaju kao pripadnice_i konstitutivnih naroda, već kao pripadnice_i nacionalnih manjina, kao Bosanke_ci i/ili Hercegovke_ci, kao pripadnice_i drugih etničkih identiteta, ili se naprosto ne izjašnjavaju u vezi s etničkom pripadnošću. Uzimajući to u obzir, da li ste se u radu susreli_e sa Romkinjama_Romima, Jevrejkama_Jevrejima, Albankama_ Albancima, Crnogorkama_Crnogorcima? Ili sa osobama koje se nacionalno ne izjašnjavaju? Njih u FBiH ima oko 18 hiljada. Poznajete li osobu koja se izjašnjava kao Hrvatica_Hrvat u Kantonu Sarajevo? Njih 17.000 tako se izjasnilo. Pripadnice_pripadnike svih ovih zajednica i grupa sigurno poznajete. Kako je onda moguće da ne poznajete niti jednu ili jako mali broj LGBTI osoba, koje, prema procjenama, širom svijeta čine od 3 do 12 posto ukupnog broja stanovništva? U Kantonu Sarajevo, 10 posto stanovništva je više od 40.000 osoba – da li je, stoga, moguće da nikada niti jedna LGBTI osoba nije došla po uslugu kod vas?

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Mateřská dovolená, nebo rodičovský čas? Zkušenosti sedmi českých matek, které pracují a vychovávají své děti v jiných zemích EU

Author(s): Kateřina Jonášová,Pavla Frýdlová,Lucie Svobodová / Language(s): Czech

Jak sladit rodinu a práci? Jak se profesně uplatnit a nepřijít přitom o šanci mít rodinu a děti? Toto dilema je v Česku bohužel ještě palčivější než jinde v EU. Český model, podle nějž mají ženy nárok na dlouhou rodičovskou dovolenou, ovšem nikoli na předškolní péči o děti či na částečné úvazky, je v evropském kontextu zastaralý. Chybějící místa v zařízeních pro malé děti neumožňují tisícům žen návrat do práce. O větším zapojení otců do péče o děti ani nemluvě. O svých zkušenostech s různými modely mateřské a rodičovské dovolené, která není chápána jako dovolená, ale jako svébytný rodičovský čas, tedy čas určený oběma rodičům, o různých typech zařízení pro předškolní děti, o postupném návratu matek do zaměstnání vypovídá sedm Češek, které žijí nebo dlouhodobě žily v jiných zemích EU: Dánsku, Finsku, Francii, Nizozemsku, Německu, Norsku a Švédsku. [...]

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Child welfare discourses and practices in the Czech lands: the segregation of Roma and disabled children during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

Author(s): Victoria Shmidt / Language(s): English

In terms of methodological approaches, this book puts together eugenic studies and the segregation of Roma in order to indicate the new approaches to exploring the impact of the past on the current policies and routine practices in post-socialist world. It is possible to differentiate two camps of social scientists who practice historical method for reinforcing their attitudes towards the segregation of the Roma. In terms of retrospective analysis, both camps focuson the socialist period as a source of current issues regarding Roma, their discrimination and the intractability of practices. The main difference between these camps is the way of explaining the issue of segregation. Performed by applied scientists who study the strategies for well-balanced co-existence of the Czech and Roma, the first camp of scholars reproduces various essentialist concepts regarding Roma – putting forward the insuperable difference between the “white” majority and Roma as a call for more tolerant attitude. Utilising trans-historical disclosure of “traditional” values, the other camp leads the sources of segregation to the inappropriate discourses disseminated amongst public as well as professionals. Catching others in the act of producing essentialist notion, these scholars often criticise the first camp but remain unable to construct the sustainable alternative to segregation. While the critical response to the first camp connects it with the previous practices and policies of segregation, the critical deconstruction of post-socialist trans-historis mensures the necessity of deeper contextualization in order to recognise options for sustainable integration.

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Žene u bh. institucijama - marionete zakonske kvote

Author(s): Amila Ždralović,Zlatiborka Popov-Momčinović,Zarfa Hrnjić Kuduzović / Language(s): Bosnian

Na osnovu dosadašnjih istraživanja može se izvesti teza da je Bosna i Hercegovina školski primjer razdvajanja pravnog (de iure) i stvarnog (de facto) ostvarenja rodne ravnopravnosti. Međutim, niti su u prvom segmentu opravdana idealizovanja, niti su u drugom opravdana nivelisanja onoga što je do sada urađeno. Prethodno se može konstatovati da je zakonodavstvo sagrađeno na bespolnoj legislativi koja se naknadno pokušava korigovati kroz mehanizme posebne zaštite ženskih ljudskih prava.

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WOMEN IN BIH INSTITUTIONS - PUPPETS OF GENDER QUOTAS

Author(s): Amila Ždralović,Zlatiborka Popov-Momčinović,Zarfa Hrnjić Kuduzović / Language(s): English

Based on previous research, it can be argued that Bosnia and Herzegovina is an excellent example of separation of legal (de iure) and real (de facto) achievements of gender equality. However, neither the idealizations are justified in the first segment, nor is the leveling of what has been done so far justified in the second. It can be stated beforehand that the legislation was built on genderless legislation that has been subsequently subjected to attempts to be corrected through mechanisms of special protection of women's human rights.

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SOCIÁLNÍ PRÁCE JAKO NÁSTROJ KRITICKÉ GERONTOLOGIE - MOŽNOSTI A LIMITY

Author(s): Kateřina Kubalčíková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Koncept kritické gerontologie a sociálně konstruované závislosti, které byly zevrubně popsány ve druhé kapitole, nelze chápat pouze jako paradigma určené k akademickému bádání. Oba koncepty se stávají základem také pro aplikované analýzy problematiky stárnutí na makro-ekonomické úrovni a v rovině mikro-sociální. Postupně se pak koncept kritické gerontologie a sociálně konstruované závislosti stává východiskem pro rozvoj nových postupů v práci se staršími lidmi v řadě pomáhajících profesí, zejména v sociální práci. Záměrem následujícího textu je diskutovat obecné předpoklady výkonu sociální práce v rámci praktického naplnění konceptu kritické gerontologie a snižování rizika sociálně konstruované závislosti.

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ZÁVĚR

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Cílem knihy bylo diskutovat možnosti sociální práce při poskytováním pomoci starším lidem s omezeným funkčním potenciálem v kontextu kritické gerontologie. Pokud zrekapitulujeme obsah jednotlivých kapitol, jeví se jako značně pošetilé nyní vyslovovat závěry. Reálně jsme na začátku. Na začátku procesu demografické přeměny společnosti a zatím můžeme jen s větší či menší přesností odhadovat jaký bude další vývoj a s jakými výzvami bude nezbytné se vyrovnat. Rozhodně se ale můžeme pokusit o to, aby sociální práce nebo přesněji sociální pracovníci byli na tyto výzvy připraveni.

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SUMMARY - SOCIAL WORK WITH OLDER PEOPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF CRITICAL GERONTOLOGY

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This publication is a contribution to the debate on the possibilities to ensure the provision of social work services to older people in the context of demographic ageing of the Czech population. In the first part we discuss the functional potential and its assessment as a tool to adequately set the level of support for people whose self-sufficiency is limited. The problem of reduced self-sufficiency is regarded from the perspective of critical gerontology, which has been developing since mid-seventies of the past century as a counterbalance to the biomedical model of ageing and the old age. Under the concept of critical gerontology, the reduction in functional potential is perceived not only as an objective consequence of individual ageing, but in many respects also as a socially constructed fact that can be influenced by changing society’s attitude towards older persons.

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