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O virtualnom i stvarnom na primjeru tzv. »virtualne stvarnosti«

Author(s): Milan Polić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/2003

So called »virtual reality« is often spoken of as of »Seeming reality« or seeming of reality. Nevertheless, »virtual reality« or computer generated and supported reality is no less real or no more virtual than other fragments of reality. It is special in so much that it can be manipulated -so that the term cyber-reality would suit it better since it is the term used in other computer related idioms -but other fragments of reality also have their uniqueness and laws applying just to them without being equalized to »feinting«. Cyber-reality is one more proof that the total reality - virtual or not - is a part of men's world and his creation.

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Skuteczne działanie słowami, perspektywa prakseologiczna

Author(s): Mateusz Karaś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The aim of this paper is to show some ideos from philosophy of language in the praxeological context. Effective action can be applied also to words and their use. This perspective was presented by many language philosophers as L. Wittgenstein, J. Austin or P. Grice. Ideas of these three philosophers will be confront with concepts of the Polish praxeology presented by T. Kotarbiński and W. Gasparski. This will allow adopting praxeological terms into philosophy of language and enrich praxeology with the aspect of words use.The aim of this paper is to show some ideos from philosophy of language in the praxeological context. Effective action can be applied also to words and their use. This perspective was presented by many language philosophers as L. Wittgenstein, J. Austin or P. Grice. Ideas of these three philosophers will be confront with concepts of the Polish praxeology presented by T. Kotarbiński and W. Gasparski. This will allow adopting praxeological terms into philosophy of language and enrich praxeology with the aspect of words use.

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The person in dialogue, the person through dialogue

Author(s): Grzegorz Hołub / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

In this article we consider a thesis that is quite typical of the philosophy of dialogue: namely, that it is in dialogue that the person comes to be. We present the thesis drawing upon the ideas of Martin Buber, John Macmurray and Calvin Schrag. (The last of these is not himself a fully-fledged philosopher of dialogue, but he does shed some light on the ideas of the others.) We also analyze the ideas developed by Karol Wojtyla, who – although he cannot be classified as a member of this philosophical school – offered his own interpretation of the thesis. The paper shows that philosophers from various schools can find themselves considering much the same thesis, and that this can lead to positive and constructive outcomes. Moreover, the person occupies the center of attention for personalists as well as philosophers of dialogue, so a mutual exchange of insights between them regarding the structure of personhood may well prove vital to a better understanding of the person as an existing reality.

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Implikacje pedagogiczne realizmu filozoficznego Szkoły Lubelskiej

Author(s): Anna Małdrzykowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

This article focuses on the pedagogical implications of the Lublin School's philosophical realism. The author examines the mediation of pedagogical issues in realism, and points out the language that realism can lend to pedagogy and thereby help to give a definition to such notions as upbringing, educator and student. Thus the realism of the Lublin School is presented as a rich source of pedagogical inspiration that is worth exploring.

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MIT I LITERATURA – ANTROPOLOGIA LITERATURY NORTHROPA FRYE’A

Author(s): Kamila Kulesza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2015

The review of: Anatomia krytyki by Northrop Frye; przeł. Monika Bokiniec, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 2012

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Logika, heteroglossa, konekcionizam

Author(s): Nijaz Ibrulj / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03+04/2001

U ovom radu moja namjera je: 1. da ukažem na osnovne karakteristike holističkog koncepta filozofske logike, da odredim kritički i analitički idiom koji njime vlada i ideal koji ga usmjerava u pravcu teorije istine i teorije značenja; 2. da u tom konceptu supstituiram neke metafore drugim kroz koje je moguće, za nas, učiniti transparentnim karakterizacije koje je na istom području izvršila bosanskohercegovačka filozofska i logička misao u potrazi za zadovoljavajućim opisom korelacije logičkih općenitosti, ontoloških općenitosti i lingvističkih općenitosti; naročito će neki temeljne ideje logičko-filozofskih istraživanja profesora Muhameda Filipovića iz njegovog djela Filozofija jezika biti podvrgnute komparativnoj karakterizaciji;

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Dichotomy of Personal and Empirical Experiencing of Environment and Language

Author(s): Dalibor M. Kesić / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2016

Acquisition of knowledge can be greatly facilitated if it coincides with one’s personal experience. Fortunately, in the majority of cases it does. The postulated truths are attested in everyday, common circumstances. But as we go from concrete towards abstract knowledge, that is from the sphere of empiric towards the sphere of experiential abstract-theoretical knowledge, the empirical side begins to lose its predominance, and the experiential side gains momentum. If we consider, further on, that different individuals do not experience identical but similar elements, it would lead to the conclusion that the reality presented to one individual is never the same as that presented to another. In other words, every living being has its own world impervious to the worlds of others. In a situation like that, no communication would seem possible. If a few ingenious individuals ever managed to create a language under such conditions, all their language signs would have totally subjective, personal meanings, based on their specific experiences, different and totally isolated from the experiences of others. Nobody would be able to learn a single word from others; translation from one language into another would be out of question, and, generally, people would not be able to understand each other. And yet, people do communicate, with varying degrees of success though, and children do manage to learn copious amounts of words from their parents and other people in their surroundings, and it is possible to translate meanings from one language into another, which means that there is intersubjective language and there are intersubjective symbolic forms in general. This paper aims to explore the ways these facts can be reconciled, with a particular view to the facility of language as a means of forging both veracious and illusionary realities.

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Religious Language in the Transcendent Philosophy of Mulla Sadra

Author(s): Mohammad Ali Niyazi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Language is the most important communicative element of mankind with other beings that with at least lingual sign the highest level and account of meaning communication occurs. Thus, after the creation blessing, the Almighty mentioned the language as the greatest gift (Quran 55: 41). Also, the Islamic tradition as the guide of humans in the evolution path should have a language that would in the best way be able to play its role in this path and illuminate the divine message for them (Quran 14: 4). The two languages have an inseparable link and it is due to this reason that during the human history religion has caused the evolution of language and in each religion a specific language emerged (Hebrew and Jewish, Greek and Christianity, Arabic and Islam, Sanskrit and Hinduism and etc.). Most intellectuals who have dealt with the debate about the language of religion, first investigate the verbal propositions whose subject is God and imply one of the divine attributes or acts. It seems in this context that initially the factors which caused the formation of religious language should be considered.

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FEAR OF MISSING OUT, IMPROPER BEHAVIOR, AND DISTRESSING PATTERNS OF USE. AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

Author(s): Sofia Bratu / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2018

This paper takes a unique approach to fear of missing out research by focusing on improper behavior and distressing patterns of use. Employing data from Deloitte, The Economist, Gallup, Mashable, Pew Research Center, Statista, The Wall Street Journal, etc., I performed analyses regarding % of internet users watching online videos every day, the number of times individuals estimate they look at their phones in a day (U.S., by age group, years), % of U.S. smartphone owners who check their phones at least several times an hour, share of respondents who cannot imagine life without the Internet, hours per day spent online via a mobile device, per user, time U.S. teens could go without using certain devices, average time U.S. consumers spend with digital media per day, % of cell owners who did particular activities using their cellphone during their most recent social gathering, top online activities individuals engage in at least once a day, % of teens who count certain platforms as one of the three most common ways they talk with their closest friend, how often U.S. Internet users unplug, and the impact of technology on relationships, by cell phone, social media, and online dating status.

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PREDICTIVE ILLOCUTIONS AND CONVERSATIONAL SCORES

Author(s): PABLO FUENTES / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2019

The article argues for an illocutionary distinction between predictions and what will be classed as prospections. It provides a critical examination of the notion of prediction and its standard definition in speech act theory. In light of some counterexamples, and after suggesting some amendments regarding evidence, I show that a dynamic model of assertion can account for different future-oriented illocutionary forces. One interesting result is that, by analogy with bets, the essential effect of predictions on context relies not on adding the propositional content to the conversational score, but only the record of the very linguistic act that is being performed by the predictor.

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ON LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT: A QUESTION OF FORM

Author(s): DAVID J. LOBINA / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2019

The literature on the relationship between language and thought is immense, but it is not always clear what phenomenon exactly most publications are in fact examining – or whether the various studies are even compatible. This is mainly due to two interrelated reasons: the interested scholars seldom offer clear definitions for language and thought, and the terms of comparison between these two phenomena are hardly ever specified. The aim of this paper is twofold: a) to showcase the perils of this state of affairs by analyzing a particular but little considered type of mismatch between linguistic and conceptual representations, thus providing the primer for a competence-like analysis of thought, and in so doing b) defend a specific way to approach the language and thought nexus, prior to and above all others. In particular, I argue that the study of the relationship should give priority to a comparative analysis of the representational vehicles language and thought exhibit in order to work out what thought representations are actually like.

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QUINE AND CHOMSKY: RULES AND DISPOSITIONS

Author(s): David King / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2019

It has been 40 years since Quine has offered his critique of Chomskian Linguistics in his “Methodological Reflections on Current Linguistic Theory.” The general consensus is that Quine’s methodological arguments have failed and been adequately answered by Chomsky. In this paper I will review Quine’s arguments and Chomsky’s replies and demonstrate that Chomsky has not adequately answered Quine’s criticisms. I will then argue that Devitt’s methodological approach offers a third way which acknowledges Quine’s criticisms but is not devastating to generative grammar.

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A MISCONCEPTION OF LOGIC IN ITS DIFFUSION ACROSS NON-MATHEMATICAL ENVIRONMENTS: THE EMBARRASSING MISTAKE OF RELYING ON NATURAL LANGUAGE

Author(s): Edgar Andrade-Lotero,Julián M. Ortiz-Duque / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2019

In this paper we criticize a widespread practice in the teaching, use, and dissemination of first-order logic in non-mathematical environments. This practice consists in the presentation of the truth-conditions of logical formulas by means of sentences in natural language – e.g., if ‘s’ represents Socrates and ‘H’ represents the property of being human, ‘Hs’ is true iff Socrates is human. We will argue that it is inadequate a presentation of the semantics of first-order logic and that it is problematic for the study of natural language. Our argumentation is three-fold. First, there are constructions in natural language that do not behave as this logic requires. Second, the use of natural language is not able to provide an explanation of the semantics of individual constants and predicates. Third, this practice instigates the idea that natural language possesses a formal structure, and does so unreflectively and without justification.

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EXPRESSIVE CONTENT AND SPEAKER-DEPENDENCE

Author(s): GRAHAM STEVENS,NATHAN DUCKETT / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2019

Expressives are lexical items which encode attitudes. Original semantic theories for expressives assumed that this attitude was always the speaker’s, however, a number of apparent counter-examples have motived recent theorists to endorse the view that expressives can be shifted to non-speaker-oriented readings under which they express attitudes of a salient judge, distinct from the speaker. We argue that this rejection of speaker dependence for expressives is too hasty, arguing that: (1) the counter-examples are unconvincing, and (2) reflection on other puzzling uses of expressives that we introduce here suggest that speaker dependence ought to be preserved as a universal semantic feature of expressive content. Apparent cases of perspective shifting, we argue, are best understood as resulting from pragmatic, rather than semantic, operations.

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ALGORITHMIC TEXTUAL PRACTICES: IMPROVING FLUENCY AND WORD ORDER IN NEURAL MACHINE TRANSLATION OUTPUT

Author(s): Adina Rădulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2019

This research investigates how to improve fluency and word order in neural machine translation output. Building my argument by drawing on data collected from the Boston Consulting Group, Deloitte, eMarketer, Locaria, MIT Sloan Management Review, NCSC, and Statista, I performed analyses and made estimates regarding awareness and usage of translation applications featuring machine learning (%), how professional translators worldwide see artificial intelligence affecting their work in the future (%), and market size of the global language services industry (billion U.S. dollars). The results of a study based on data gathered from 4,200 respondents provide support for my research model. Employing the structural equation modeling and using the probability sampling technique, I collected and inspected data via a self-administrated questionnaire.

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Must Expression Be Instrumental?

Author(s): Stina Bäckström / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This article engages critically with the theory of expression proposed by Mitchell S. Green in his Self-Expression (2007). In this book, Green argues that expressions are signals designed to convey information about mental states. By putting pressure on one of the examples Green uses in his book, I will challenge this thesis. I will then deepen this challenge by developing a contrast between two philosophical perspectives on expression, which I name the 'instrumental' and the 'descriptive'. I take Green’s theory of expression to be an exemplar of the instrumental perspective. Expression, in the instrumental perspective, is a means for transmitting information about mental states from organism to organism. The descriptive perspective I articulate with the help of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Ludwig Wittgenstein. On the descriptive view, expression is (at least a part of) an answer to the question what it is so much as to have mental states and a living body. I suggest at the end of the article that if we remain within the instrumental perspective, we will not be able to use expression to satisfactorily answer this question.

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RECONSTRUCȚIA ARGUMENTELOR CU PROPOZIȚII CATEGORICE CA ARGUMENTE DE ORDINUL AL DOILEA

Author(s): Cătălin Stănciulescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 43/2019

This paper is a short application of the theoretical background for characterizing arguments as formed by two categorical (subject-predicate) propositions/assertions recently proposed by Jean H. M. Wagemans. According to Wagemans, any argument can be reconstructed either as an argument with simple categorical propositions or as an argument with assertions, where an assertion is simply a sentence containing a proposition as one of its terms. This paper extends the scope of the arguments virtually reconstructible as sets of assertions by adding a class of arguments which while do not have at least one term in common, they are not completely different either.

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Struktura filosofické mysli: ke stylovým charakteristikám jazykového ztvárnění myšlenek Jaroslava Peregrina

Author(s): Miloslav Vondráček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 51/2022

This paper is focused on the relationship between (post)structuralist philosophical thinking about language and mind, and between language as an instrument of such inquiry and a means of exteriorizing its results. This makes the topic important for both philosophers and linguists. I pay particular attention to Jaroslav Peregrinʼs text How we Constructed our own Mind. The text is part of the SYNv10 corpus. This enables a view of the popularization philosophical study through the prism of corpus statistics. I focus on the frequency of the parts of speech. I deal with the properties of the most frequent representatives of important parts of speech and their grammatical categories, especially the verbal person and relative pronouns. Particles are a means of introducing a human dimension into the text. The representation of particles for the certain modality is especially surprising. Modal verbs, indefinite pronouns and indefinite pronominal adverbs aid their effect.

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Keele kosmos ja kosmose keel

Author(s): Hasso Krull / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 8-9/2022

Keel on mõõtmatult suur. Mõni sõnaraamat võib küll sisaldada mitusada tuhat sõna, aga ükski ei saa sisaldada kõiki nende sõnade kombinatsioone. Sõnade etümoloogiat võib jälgida ajas väga kaugele, enne kõiki kirjalikke allikaid, aga kõige varasemat pruuki ei õnnestu iialgi selgitada. Selles mõttes on keel immanentsusväli: ta hõlmab ühekorraga nii väesolevat kui ka selle kättejõudmist, olles samaaegselt virtuaalne ja aktuaalne. Märt Väljataga on kunagi avaldanud ribadest koosneva raamatu „Sada tuhat miljardit millenniumisonetti” (2000), kus sonetiridade reeglipärasest liitmisest moodustub tohutu tekst, mida keegi oma eluajal läbi lugeda ei jõuaks; aga see on keele immanentsusväljal ainult kerge tuuleõhk, justkui säbarlainetus ookeani pinnal. Tõsi küll, igapäevaste toimetuste ajal kasutame suhteliselt lõplikku ja väikesearvulist vormelite hulka, kuid isegi nende kombinatsioone ei suuda me ammendada – rääkimata sellest, et me ei taju oma igapäevase keele ajalist ja ruumilist sügavust. Lihtsa kõnekeele kosmilist mõõdet lubab aeg-ajalt aimata üksnes luule.

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Od natury słowa do słowa o naturze. Recenzja książki Bolesława Andrzejewskiego pt. Filozofia słowa. Zarys dziejów

Author(s): Dominika Dziurosz-Serafinowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Herethis paper is review on monographical pulication „Filozofia słowa. Zarys dziejów” [The Philosophy of the Word. A Short History] by Bolesław Andrzejewski. The Polish philosopher’s book is one and only publication which dares to present and contrast concepts and theories on the word which appears in the history of Western Civilisation from the times of ancient Greek philosophers, through Christian thinkers and German romantics and representants of Enlightenment, ending with English and American pragmatists and positivists, not to omit prominent linguists like Ferdynand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky, Ernst Cassirer or Wilhelm von Humboldt. Original view of the author on philosophy of language makes the reviewed book unique, since Andrzejewski tries to break through the analytic, so common nowadays, paradigm and proposes to run the consideration concerning language in the spirit of lingua ac communitas, so to speak, he treats language basically as a tool for interpersonal communication and a way of gaining understanding within community.

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