Powiat wadowicki w świetle badań archeologicznych

Author(s): Krzysztof Koźbiał / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2004

Tereny dzisiejszego powiatu wadowickiego były zamieszkane od najdawniejszych czasów, na co wskazują wyniki badań archeologicznych. Liczna grupa znalezisk pochodzi z okresu mezolitu i neolitu, niewielka z epoki brązu. Duże znaczenie dla osadnictwa tego regionu miały grodziska kultury łużyckiej. Ciągłość osadnicza została zachowana również w epoce rzymskiej, co potwierdzają bogate znaleziska z tego okresu. Ruch osadniczy rozwijał się silniej, zwłaszcza od czasów średniowiecza, gdy kilkunastoosbowe osady zaczęły rozrastać się we wsie, a część z nich w ośrodki władzy co dało początki miastom.

Sepulchral complexes of human burials and animal deposits, site 23, Sadowie, Opatów Distrct. Study of selected examples

Author(s): Wojciech Pasterkiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

This article attempts to reconstruct the functional relationships between human graves and animal deposits in the context of a Globular Amphora culture cemetery in Sadowie, Opatów District, Sandomierz Upland, Poland. A special characteristic of this cemetery is the grouping of graves into complexes, forming functional-chronological wholes. For the purpose of the study, three such complexes were selected: III (Graves 1 and 2), IV (Graves 5–4-3) and IX (Graves 8–7). Each consisted of a human burial and an accompanying animal deposit of mostly cattle remains. In the case of Complexes III and IX, the lack of stratigraphic relationships and similarity in cultural inventories suggest that they were built at short intervals. Complex IV in contrast, is characterised by a time spread between animal deposits and human burials, which is indicated by radiocarbon dates. The complexes of human graves and animal deposits find analogies in other sepulchral features in the Vistula drainage basin and areas settled by the other regional groups of the Globular Amphora culture at that time.

Relationships between Globular Amphora and Corded Ware occupation phases in Złota-Nad Wawrem site, Sandomierz Upland. Chronometric and stratigraphic evidence

Author(s): Barbara Witkowska,Piotr Włodarczak / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

On the Nad Wawrem site in Złota, unique instances of stratigraphic sequences were recorded, involving materials linked to the Globular Amphora culture and Corded Ware culture. This article discusses these sequences and presents hitherto unpublished materials that may contribute to the study of the decline of the Eneolithic in Małopolska. The stratigraphic sequences involve the presence of pottery belonging to the older phase of the Corded Ware culture in pits related to the Globular Amphora culture and the intercutting of Globular Amphora settlement features by Corded Ware graves. In settlement pits, besides dominating materials of the Globular Amphora culture, pottery typical of the older phase of the Corded Ware culture was discovered. Corded Ware niche graves, in turn, were clearly younger than the Globular Amphora settlement pits they cut into. The study of the sequences reveals the complexity of cultural relations on the Sandomierz Upland in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. An interesting aspect is the cross-border nature of the pottery often treated as a clear cultural marker. Substantiated by absolute dating, the synchronous development model of the Globular Amphora culture, the older phase of the Corded Ware culture and the Złota culture is reflected in the peculiarity of recorded pottery assemblages.

Absolute chronology of settlement remains of the Globular Amphora culture in the Sandomierz Upland (Site Gałkowice-Ocin, Mierzanowice, Złota–Nad Wawrem)

Author(s): Marek Florek,Barbara Witkowska / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

Under the project financed by the National Science Centre no 2014/12/S/HS3/00355 the first series of chronometric data has been obtained which forms the basis for establishing the chronology of the Globular Amphora culture in the Sandomierz Upland. It has produced altogether 42 absolute age determinations setting a chronological bracket of the Sandomierz-Opatów subgroup, of which 19 new radiocarbon determinations came from five settlements of this culture. Some are sites known in the literature, while others have been discovered in recent years. In general, the data from the settlements are compatible with the series obtained from graves, but a few dates and materials indicate the possibility of GAC surviving until the second half of the 3rd millennium BC.

Grave of the Globular Amphora culture from Koszyce in the chronological perspective

Author(s): Piotr Włodarczak,Anita Szczepanek,Marcin M. Przybyła / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

The grave of the Globular Amphora culture from site 2 in Koszyce, near Kraków, has already been the subject of a separate monograph and specialised analyses. This article addresses the chronology of the mass burial, resulting from a comparison of 23 radiocarbon dates obtained in three laboratories. The chronometric data were then juxtaposed with the results of isotopic analyses of strontium (87Sr/86Sr), carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N). The analysis of the results indicates that the burial from Koszyce should most likely be dated to around 2880–2870 BC, which is slightly earlier than assumed in previous studies. It comes from a time when the Final Eneolithic barrow communities of the Corded Ware culture had already been present in the loess uplands of western Lesser Poland, and the burial ritual of some of the GAC groups was evolving towards the ritual of the Złota culture. The similar dating of these cultural phenomena makes it difficult to determine which community was responsible for the mass murder committed at Koszyce.

Chronology and periodization of the Globular Amphora culture East Lublin Subgroup

Author(s): Andrzej Bronicki / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

The Globular Amphora culture East Lublin subgroup was distinguished in the 1950s by Stefan Nosek. The key argument in favour of the distinction involved stone cist graves, having south-eastern affinities. The newly-distinguished taxonomic unit boasted both western and eastern traits. Since 1996, 13 radiocarbon dates have been obtained for nine features: 1 settlement pit, 5 cist graves and 3 pit graves. The dates helped distinguish three chronological sequences and describe inventories of grave finds from particular development phases. By comparing inventories from graves for which radiocarbon dates were available with grave goods from features without such determinations, it was possible to supplement the sets of cultural elements characteristic of successive time intervals with traits to be found solely in the latter. Ultimately, the proposed periodization of Globular Amphora settlement in the eastern Lublin province is made up of three phases: I (‘general Globular Amphora’ horizon – preceding the formation of the East Lublin subgroup) – 3000/2950–2900/2850 BC; II (‘classical’ phase of the East Lublin subgroup) – 2900/2850–2650/2600 BC; III (‘late’ phase of the East Lublin subgroup) – 2650/2600–ca 2400 BC.

A grave in Ilyatka and Globular Amphora site cluster on the Southern Bug, Podillya, Ukraine

Author(s): Marzena Szmyt,Volodymir Zakhar’ev,Oleksandra Kozak,Tetyana Rudych / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

Discussed in the article, the multi-burial grave from Ilyatka (Staraya Sinyava district, Khmelnytskyi province, Ukraine) is the first feature of the Globular Amphora culture in the drainage basin of the upper Southern Bug to be subjected to comprehensive bioarchaeological and chronological analyses. The time when the remains of seven people (four men and three women) were deposited in it was determined to be 2700–2550 BC. The feature is part of a small site cluster on the upper Southern Bug, made up of 16 sites. The importance of the cluster follows from its location in one of the crucial communication hubs of the Ukrainian forest-steppe. This makes the cluster vital for the exploration of the forest-steppe settlement by Globular Amphora communities, their expansion towards the middle Dnieper area, and connections to Yamnaya culture groups.

Funeral complexes of the Globular Amphora culture from the vicinity of Ostrog, Volhynia, Ukraine

Author(s): Oleksandr Pozikhovskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

A funeral complex of the eastern group of the Globular Amphora culture was excavated in an Eneolithic cemetery at the Ostrog-Zeman site, Volhynia, Ukraine, in 2006. The complex consisted of a human tomb and an animal burial located nearby. The tomb, built of small stone slabs and oriented with its long sides along the east-west axis, was divided into two almost identical parts (chambers) – eastern and western. А pot and an amphora were deposited in the eastern chamber, near the transverse wall. At least four people were buried in the western part, destroyed in modern times. The furnishings of this part comprised four amphorae and one bowl. Two meters to the northwest of the tomb, an animal burial without any artefacts was found; it included three skeletons of cattle (bulls) and one of a young pig. Analysis of pottery showed that it belonged to the period around 2950 BC and was synchronous with the early graves of the Volhynian subgroup, e.g. in Tovpyzhyn and Mykolaiv. At the same site, relics of a Globular Amphora culture settlement were also discovered, represented by pottery clusters. To some extent, they confirmed the relative chronology established for the tomb. In the context of these new discoveries, materials from the tomb recovered in 1900 in Mezhyrich-Filvarka (actually – Mezhyrich-Pidvarka), located in the vicinity of Ostrog, are re-analysed and re-published. The relevance of the re-publication stems from the need to clarify the technical details of the description of items from the tomb and their proper graphic documentation.

New evidence on the interaction between the Yamnaya and Globular Amphora cultures

Author(s): Nadezhda S. Kotova,Serghei V. Makhortykh,Viktor Dzhos / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

In the first half of the 3rd millennium BC in the steppe Ukraine, stone tombs with an entrance appeared which are similar in design to the burial structures of the Globular Amphora culture. Two were investigated in the Molochnaya River basin near the Kamyana Mohyla monumental site. These unique structures differ from the stone cists of the Yamnaya culture as well as the burial constructions of the preceding Eneolithic period. Probably, the distribution of stone tombs with an entrance in the North Pontic area is connected with the influence of the Globular Amphora culture.

Pottery of the Funnel Beaker Culture in Settlement Contexts of the North-Eastern Coast of the Vistula Lagoon: Case Studies of Ushakovo and Pribrezhnoye Sites

Author(s): Edwin Zaltsman / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

The article characterises new materials obtained in the course of studies of Neolithic (according to the Baltic periodisation) settlements of the Vistula Lagoon coast. These sources according to all their features belong to the Funnel Beaker culture, whose monuments were previously unknown in the region. All Funnel Beaker materials were identified in settlements, the main cultural complexes of which belong to the Primorskaya culture. Small sites of the Funnel Beaker culture existed here before the arrival of the Primorskaya population. In Ushakovo 3, Funnel Beaker pottery were found in the cultural layer in the eastern part of the excavation area, where it lies mainly separate from ceramics of the Primorskaya culture. In Pribrezhnoye, in addition to pottery, traces of two constructions with a double-row pillar wall structure were found. Buildings were of a ground type, elongated, with a width of not more than 3.20 m. Technological and morphological characteristics of ceramic fragments found within the buildings leave no doubt that these complexes belong to the Funnel Beaker culture. Also, two amphorae with typical features of the ‘badenised’ Funnel Beaker culture were revealed here. Funnel Beaker ceramic ware was also found in the cultural layer of settlements. All these materials from the settlements of Ushakovo 3 and Pribrezhnoye are dated in the range of 3500-3100 BC. It is most likely that inconsiderable human groups of the Funnel Beaker culture reached the coastal area around the middle of the 4th millennium BC when local communities of the Neolithic Zedmar culture had existed on this territory for a long time.

Second Half of the 4th Millennium BC: Time of Changes in the Tripolye and Funnel Beaker Cultures

Author(s): Małgorzata Rybicka / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

The 2012–2019 investigations in Western Ukraine identified the reaches of the Funnel Beaker and Tripolye cultures in western Volhynia and on the upper Dniester, and syncretic phenomena produced in all likelihood by direct contacts between the representatives of these different communities. Moreover, it was found that the contacts were greatly intensified by the exchange of so-called Volhynia flint. It was distributed to both the Late Tripolye Brînzeni group in northern Moldavia and the eastern and south-eastern groups of the FBC. The intensification of contacts between the communities of the two cultures may be associated with the lifetime of the Brînzeni group. The investigations sought to answer the question what changes were induced in these cultures by the intensification of contacts between their populations.

Tripolye Culture Chronology in Volhynia. Remarks Based on Materials from Ostrog-Zeman and Mezhyrich-Mistechko

Author(s): Oleksandr Pozikhovskyi,Kamil Karski / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

Authors present results of analysis of the collection of pottery from pit no. 4 in Mezhyrich-Mistechko and pit no. 4 in Ostrog-Zeman. Both sites are located in the middle Horyn basin. The analyzed complexes are important due to the fact the relative chronology of the Malice culture and Lublin-Volhynia culture within western Volhynia and their possible connections with later communities represented by the Funnel Beaker culture and especially the Tripolye culture.

New Radiocarbon Dates for Stage Cii Tripolye Culture, Northern Moldova

Author(s): Małgorzata Rybicka,Ghenadie Sîrbu,Dariusz Król,Veaceslav Bicbaev / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

According to Tamara Movscha, vessels from the Funnel Beaker culture settlement in Zhvanets can be synchronized with the period of existence of the settlements in Zimno, Leżnica and Gródek. Based on the currently available radiocarbon dates, we can say that the long-term settlements in Gródek and Zimno existed from around 3650 BC. The older phase of the settlement in Gródek is dated to 3650-3400 BC, while the younger ones to 3400-3100 BC. The first is characterized by the presence of imports of tableware with the characteristics of the Brînzeni group dated to 3400-3100 BC. In order to verify the current attempts to position the above at a more precise time, several radiocarbon analyses of the samples from the sites of Brînzeni and Gordinești group in northern Moldova were conducted.

The Late Eneolithic Groups from the Dniester-Prut Interfluve: Some Questions of their External Contacts and Chronology

Author(s): Ghenadie Sîrbu,Dariusz Król,Serghei Heghea / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

In this article we would like to point out some issues related to a series of ceramic materials found in sites attributed to the Late Enolithic groups of Brînzeni and Gordinești in the Dniester-Prut interfluve. In terms of technology and stylistics in the case of pottery from the Brînzeni type sites and stylistics in the case of pottery from the Gordinești type sites, we can see some analogies in the cultural environment of the central European area. For the Brînzeni group the clearest analogies tend to be seen in eastern, southern and south-eastern areas of the Funnel Beaker culture, whereas for the Gordinești group this seems to be visible within the Złota culture in the Sandomierz Upland, Middle Vistula region. Another issue of our study concerns the chronological frames of these two groups. Analyses of the radiocarbon data series obtained so far allow us to make some careful corrections in the chronological scheme of the Late Eneolithic for eastern Europe. Both mentioned issues fit into socio-cultural relations in the East Carpathian area in the context of the cultural transformations in the second half of the 4th millennium BC.

A Spatial Pattern(S) of the Eneolithic Multi-Phase Settlement of Brînzeni IV (North-Western Moldova) from the Perspective of Non-Invasive Geophysical Surveys

Author(s): Ghenadie Sîrbu,Dariusz Król,Marcin M. Przybyła,Małgorzata Rybicka / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

Non-invasive geophysical methods are often very useful and efficient in the investigation of various archaeological sites. Using one of the most popular of them, i.e. magnetometry, we carried out a survey of the area of the multi-phase Eneolithic site of Brînzeni IV (north-western Moldova) in 2019. As a result, the spatial arrangement of the site and its current state of preservation were preliminarily identified.

Impact of the Baden Complex Upon the Tripolye and Funnel Beaker Cultures in Western Ukraine

Author(s): Małgorzata Rybicka,Dmytro Verteletskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

In scientific literature the discussion over the evident ties between the Baden complex and Tripolye culture dates back to the mid 1990s and is related to Sofievka type complexes. In earlier papers by scholars on TC Stage CII only passing mention was given to Baden influences, the exception being works by Mykhailo Videiko, who paid particular attention to contacts with the Carpathian Basin. He noted their impact upon Troyaniv-Gorodsk type complexes and pointed out the presence of the Baden pottery style in the settlements of the Kasperivtsy-Gordineşti complex. The adoption of Baden traits by communities belonging to the Funnel Beaker and Tripolye cultures in western Volhynia ran along very different lines. The quantity of data on Baden influence upon Funnel Beaker culture communities in the area between the Western Bug, Upper Dniester and Styr rivers remains small.

A Vessel of the Funnel Beaker Culture at Salgótarján-Pécs-Kő

Author(s): Tünde Horváth,Attila Kreiter,Orsolya Viktorik / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

This study describes and discusses an old find from a wholly new perspective. The non-local fragment or fragments represent imports or imitations that can be linked to the Funnel Beaker culture and not to Kostolác, Coţofeni, Livezile or Bošáca as originally suggested by József Korek. The hallmarks distinctive to the culture are the ornamented rim exterior and rim interior, the zigzag motif under the rim and the ladder motif on the belly. However, the channelling on the belly is a typical Baden trait, which has not been noted on Funnel Beaker vessels to date. The best and closest analogies can be cited from the Baden settlement at Oldalfala/Stránska–Mogyorós, where they were erroneously identified as Coţofeni/Livezile imports. The occurrence of Funnel Beaker pottery on several sites on the southern fringes of the Western Carpathians suggests a more complex situation; however, their stratigraphic contexts on these multi-period, stratified sites remain unclear due to the field techniques employed during the old excavations. The determination of the exact place of origin is rather difficult within the culture’s vast distribution, although they can most likely be assigned to the Funnel Beaker eastern group, Wiórek phase (IIIB – IIIB-C in the current terminology), whose absolute dates fall between 3700/3600 and 3200 BC. The petrographic analyses revealed that the clay and the tempering agents are of local volcanic origin, providing conclusive evidence that Funnel Beaker vessels had been made locally. In this sense, the pottery fragment discussed here can be best described as a local hybrid product.

Changes in Late Funnel Beaker Pottery at the End of the 4th Millennium BC on the Polish Lowland: Case of Mrowino, Site 3. Preliminary Report on Mineralogical and Petrographic Research

Author(s): Anna Rauba-Bukowska,Marzena Szmyt,Danuta Żurkiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

Archaeological site no. 3 at Mrowino is located on the Polish Lowland, in the Greater Poland region. It was excavated from 1973 until 1980. The excavation produced very rich movable finds, with the core of them being formed by Funnel Beaker culture (FBC) ceramics. The collections hold over 37,500 FBC pottery shards and several intact or reconstructed vessels. The vast majority of pottery comes from an FBC settlement dated to 3300-3150 BC. The pottery set includes vessels of clear Baden culture connections. For the mineral-ogical and petrographic study, 40 samples were selected to identify mineral and rock components of the ceramic body and compare the ways of raw-material preparation. In the studied samples, boulder clay in all probability was used to make the vessels. All studied samples were made from clay with grog and a small amount of sand as temper. In addition, several samples contained igneous rock crumbs. To find out if this was a deliberate or accidental admixture, it is necessary to carry out further research.

Pottery of Pikutkowo Type in the Funnel Beaker Culture: Characteristics, Dispersion and Context

Author(s): Aleksander Kośko,Marzena Szmyt / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

The article discusses the current state of knowledge concerning the set of specific pottery characteristics of the Funnel Beaker culture that constitutes the so-called Pikutkowo stylistics. It is especially strongly represented in Kujawy, where the changes in the Pikutkowo set of characteristics define Phases IIIB and IIIB-C dated to 3700-3200 BC. Already in 3700/3650-3500 BC, Pikutkowo pottery appears not only on the Polish Lowland (including Wielkopolska and central Poland as well as the Chełmno Land and Gostynin Lake District), but also on the old Uplands in the upper Vistula basin. The latest data indicate that at the same time Pikutkowo characteristics are also present in Funnel Beaker assemblages from the Subcarpathian foothills and upper Dniester area. It is argued that this wide distribution delimits the Pikutkowo stylistics space, which was a zone of active circulation of cultural patterns within the Funnel Beaker culture. The culture-forming potential of this zone is best seen in the increased transfer of one of the key technological innovations of the Eneolithic, i.e. copper (including arsenic copper) use and processing.

The thirtieth volume of “Quaderni Friulani di Archeologia”

Author(s): Krzysztof Jarzęcki / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2022